{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang1035\deflangfe1035\themelang1035\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Times New Roman Normaali;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f336\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f337\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f339\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f340\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f341\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f342\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f343\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f344\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f676\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f677\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}
{\f679\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f680\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f683\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f684\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}
{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;
\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\*\defchp \fs22\loch\af31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused 
Normal Table;}{\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext15 Custom1;}{
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext16 Custom2;}{
\s17\qj \li-1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext17 Level 3;}{
\s18\qj \li-1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext18 Level 4;}{
\s19\qj \li-1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext19 Level 5;}{
\s20\qj \li-1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext20 Level 6;}{
\s21\qj \li-1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext21 Level 7;}{
\s22\qj \li-1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext22 Level 8;}{
\s23\qj \li-1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext23 Level 9;}{
\s24\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext24 _26;}{\s25\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext25 
_25;}{\s26\qj \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext26 _24;}{\s27\qj \li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext27 _23;}{\s28\qj \li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext28 _22;}{\s29\qj \li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext29 _21;}{
\s30\qj \li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext30 _20;}{
\s31\qj \li5760\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext31 _19;}{
\s32\qj \li6480\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin6480\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext32 _18;}{
\s33\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext33 _17;}{\s34\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext34 _16;}{\s35\qj \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext35 _15;}{
\s36\qj \li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext36 _14;}{\s37\qj \li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext37 _13;}{\s38\qj \li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext38 _12;}{\s39\qj \li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext39 _11;}{\s40\qj \li5760\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext40 _10;}{\s41\qj \li6480\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin6480\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext41 _9;}{\s42\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 
\snext42 _8;}{\s43\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext43 _7;}{\s44\qj \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext44 _6;}{\s45\qj \li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar
\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext45 _5;}{
\s46\qj \li3600\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin3600\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 
\snext46 _4;}{\s47\qj \li4320\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin4320\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext47 _3;}{\s48\qj \li5040\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5040\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\f39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 \snext48 _2;}{\s49\qj \li5760\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin5760\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  SEQ CHAPTER \\h \\r 1}}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx708\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Frege and the Description Theory: An Attempt at Rehabilitation
\par 
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Abstract
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 I question the received view that Frege advocates the description theory of proper names. First, I argue that the textual evidence for this view from Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 
s writings is not conclusive. Secondly, I propose that the Fregean }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  (of proper names\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
) may be understood nondescriptionally in terms of symbolhood. Finally, I suggest that in the notorious passages where Frege is apparently supporting the description theory he is just indicating the potential problems with communication with proper names.

\par 
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 1. Introduction
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 The very rarely questioned received view has it that Frege advocates the description theory of proper names, that is, that the contents, or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 in Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 s terminology,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 1{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\sa397\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\af39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 I use Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 s German words }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  in plural), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Bedeutung}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 , }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Ged\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 anke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Begriff
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  instead of their usual translations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 sense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 reference}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  (or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
meaning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 thought}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 concept}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  in order to emphasize that Frege uses them as technical terms, as he tells us, with regard to \hich\f39 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Gedanke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \loch\af39\dbch\af31505\hich\f39 
\rquote \loch\f39 \hich\f39 , in his manuscript \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Logik\'94\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  (NS 147-48 / PW 135-37, 1897).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  of ordinary proper names coincide with the contents of some appropriate definite descriptions. The evidence for this received view appears to consist mainly in the notorious second footnote of \'93\'dc\loch\f39 
\hich\f39 ber Sinn und Bedeutung\'94\loch\f39  (189\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 2), where Frege seems to identify the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  of proper names with those of definite descriptions.
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 My purpose in this paper is to question this received view. In Section 2, I bring up some counter-evidence from Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 s writings. In Section 3, I suggest an i\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
nterpretation of Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 s notion of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 , according to which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 is to be understood nondescriptionally in terms of symbolhood. Armed with this interpretation, I explain in Section 4 what I think Frege is up to in the mentioned footnote as well as in the r\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 elevant passage in 
\'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Der Gedanke\'94\loch\f39  (1918).
\par 
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 2. Evidence and Counter-Evidence
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Frege writes in the second footnote of \'93\'dc\loch\f39 \hich\f39 ber Sinn und Bedeutung\'94\loch\f39  as follows (KS 144n / CP 158n): 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
In the case of an actual proper name such as \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Aristotle\hich\f39 \rquote \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 opinions as to the sense may differ. It might, for instance, be taken to be the following: the pupil of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Anybody who does this will attach another sense to the sentence \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 
Aristotle was born in Stagira\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  than will a \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 m\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 an who takes as the sense of the name: the teacher of Alexander the Great who was born in Stagira.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 On the face of it, this footnote is not much of evidence if the Frege corpus is taken as a whole. Or, in any case, it is extraordinarily uncharitable to imp\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 
ose a view regarded as important on a major philosopher (practically) on the basis of a single footnote. Yes, there is also the Gustav Lauben passage in \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Der Gedanke\'94\loch\f39 
 (1918), where Frege might be taken to endorse the description theory \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39  however, there is\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
nothing in that passage (to be discussed in Section 4 below) that could be taken as an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 explicit}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  endorsement.
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Evidence for the claim that Frege was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  a description theorist is readily available in Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 \hich\f39 s writings. In \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Logic in Mathematics
\'94\loch\f39  (NS 243 / PW \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 225, 1914) Frege writes:
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \loch\af39\dbch\af31505\hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 
Copernicus\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  and \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 the author of the heliocentric view of the planetary system\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  designate the same man, but have different }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
; for the sentence \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Copernicus is Copernicus\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  and \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Copernicus is the author of the heliocentric view of\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  the planetary system\hich\f39 
\rquote \loch\f39  do not express the same }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Gedanke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 If one wanted to propose a definite description as an \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 abbreviation\'94\loch\f39  of the name \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Copernicus\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 , wouldn\hich\f39 \rquote 
\loch\f39 t \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 the author of the heliocentric view\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  be the first that comes to mind?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 2{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\af39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Also, NS 208 / PW 192,\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  1906: \'93\loch\f39 The se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid13728500 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ntence \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Mont Blanc is over 4000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 m high\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  does not express the same thought as the sentence \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 The highest }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid13728500 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 mountain in Europe is over 4000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 m high\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 , although 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 the proper name \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Mont Blanc\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  designates the same mountain as the expression \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 the highest\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  mountain in Europe
\hich\f39 \rquote .\'94\loch\f39  I am indebted to an anonymous referee of GPS for directing me to this passage.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa397\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \tab \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Cf. also }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Grundlagen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  (Frege 1884) \'a7\loch\f39 \hich\f39 57: \'93\loch\f39 There is nothing contained in the name \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Columbus\hich\f39 
\rquote \loch\f39  about discovery or about America, even though it is the same man\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  that we call Columbus and the discoverer of America.\'94\loch\f39 
 It must be admitted, however, that Frege had not made the distinction between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Bedeutung}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  at the time he wrote the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Grundlagen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
. On the other hand, there are some anticipations of the distinction \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 in that book (see GL \'a7\'a7\loch\f39 66-67), and it could even be argued that for Frege the introduction of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  means basically only a certain reclassification or specification: \'93\loch\f39 When I wrote my }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Grundlagen der Arithmetik}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 , I had not yet made the distinction between }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Bedeutung}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ; and so, under the expression \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 a content of possible judgment\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 
, I was combining what I now designate by the distinctive words \hich\f39 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Gedanke}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \loch\af39\dbch\af31505\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  and \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 truth-value\hich\f39 \rquote \'94\loch\f39  (KS 172/ CP 187, 1892).}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 One popular argument \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39  let\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 s call it the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 triviality argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39 
 against the description theory has been that if the name \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 a\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 \hich\f39  \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 abbreviated\'94\loch\f39  the definite description \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 the F\hich\f39 \rquote 
\loch\f39 \hich\f39  then \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 a is the F\'94\loch\f39 \hich\f39  (as well as \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 a is an F\'94\loch\f39 \hich\f39 ) should be just as trivial and necessary as \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 the F is the F\'94\loch\f39 
 (see, for instance, Kripke 1980, 12-13), \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 w\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 hich is preposterous. The last quote from Frege shows that
\par 
\par \tab \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 (P1) Frege considered the triviality argument.
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Given the simplicity of that argument, it is plausible that
\par 
\par \tab \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 (P2) Whoever endorses the description theory, hasn\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 t considered the triviality argume\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 nt.
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 The refutation of the received view concerning Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 s descriptionism follows logically from P1 and P2:
\par 
\par \tab \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 (C) Frege doesn\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 t endorse the description theory.
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Further, even in \'93\'dc\loch\f39 \hich\f39 ber Sinn und Bedeutung\'94\loch\f39  itself (K\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 S 153-54 / CP 168-69) we find the following:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 3{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa397\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\af39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid16385579\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid16385579\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Tapio Korte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 directed me to this passage (personal communication).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  Frege considers both \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 
The discoverer of the elliptic form of the planetary orbits died in misery\'94\loch\f39 \hich\f39  and \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Kepler died in misery\'94\loch\f39 . Frege says that\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  it would be a mistake to take the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  of the former to contain the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Gedanke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  that there was somebody who discovered the elliptic form of the planetary orbits. Frege then gives to \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 
Kepler died in misery\'94\loch\f39  a respective treatment by saying that it would be a m\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 istake to take its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  to contain the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Gedanke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 that the name \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Kepler\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 \hich\f39  designates something. There is no indication here that a proper name is to be treated as an \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 abbreviation\'94\loch\f39 
 of a definite description and, in any case, there should be no need for a descr\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 iption theorist to make such a separate point about a proper name. This gives indirect counter-evidence to Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 
s being a descriptionist.
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Finally, Frege states, frequently and emphatically, that sentences such as \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Caesar exists\'94\loch\f39  don\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 t have a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 . (This 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 is due to the incongruence of levels: existence is, for Frege, a second-level }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
Begriff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 , which cannot be applied to an object (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Gegenstand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
).) But why should a committed description theorist be so adamant about this? If the name \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 c\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  really amounts to the descr\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 iption \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 the F
\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 \hich\f39 , one need not be a Russell to realize that sentences such as \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 c exists\'94\loch\f39  \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39 \hich\f39  i.e., semantically equivalently, \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 The F exists
\'94\loch\f39  \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39 \hich\f39  can be represented by means of the existential quantifier, as \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af34\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f34\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\loch\af34\dbch\af31505\hich\f34 \u8707\'3f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 x(Fx & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af34\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f34\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \loch\af34\dbch\af31505\hich\f34 \u8704\'3f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
y(Fy \loch\af39\dbch\af31505\hich\f39 \u8594\'3f\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  y=x)\'94.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid344693 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\marglsxn1080\sbknone\linex0\headery1440\footery1440\colsx708\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\posxc\nowrap\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\af39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\insrsid15422032 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13728500 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 9}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\marglsxn1080\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15422032 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid15422032 
\par }}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\af39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 In sum, I think it is fair to say that there isn\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 t in Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 
s writings conclusive evidence for the received view that he advocated the description theory.
\par 
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Naming and Necessity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 , Kripke (1980, 7-10), considering
\par 
\par \tab \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 (1) Aristotle w\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 as fond of dogs,
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 dismisses the view \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 that the simple fact that two people [e.g., the Philosopher and Onassis] can have the same name refutes the rigidity thesis\'94\loch\f39 \hich\f39 
 (p. 7). This is fine, of course, but what is significant is that Kripke says things like: \'93\loch\f39 I \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 perforce assumed a particular reading for (1)\'94\loch\f39 \hich\f39  (p. 8); (1) is given a \'93
\loch\f39 \hich\f39 fixed understanding\'94\loch\f39 \hich\f39  (p. 9); and (1) \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 must be taken to express a single proposition\'94\loch\f39  (p. 9, italics removed).
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 To my mind it is precisely here where the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  is needed: this very \'93\loch\f39 fixing\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  of understanding\'94\loch\f39 \hich\f39  or 
\'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 particular reading\'94\loch\f39  of a pattern is to confer a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  to it. To \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 understand\'94\loch\f39  that the pattern \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Aristotle
\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  in (1) is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  symbol and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 not any other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  symbol is to attach to it a \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 
way of being given\'94\loch\f39  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Art des Gegebenseins}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ) of a certain obj\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ect and not any other object \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39  \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Aristotle
\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  in (1) has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  interpretation (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 not any other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  interpretation (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 4
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li62\ri0\sa397\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin62\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\af39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  It is natural to hold that \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Aristotle\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  as the name of the Philosopher is semantically distinct from \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Aristotle\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 
 as the name of Onass\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 is. See, for instance, Kripke 1980, 8; Evans 1982, 384; Kaplan 1989, 562; Bealer 2002, 100n34.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  That is, to take (1) \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39  a pattern such as the one displayed in (1) \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39 
 to express a certain proposition (say, about the Philosopher) and not any other proposition \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 (like the one about Onassis) is, among other things, to adopt a \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 fixed understanding\'94
\loch\f39 \hich\f39  or \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 particular reading\'94\loch\f39  of \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Aristotle\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  in (1); I suggest that this amounts to attaching to this \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Aristotle\hich\f39 
\rquote \loch\f39  a way of being given a certain object, or, as we may also say,\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  to use it with a certain content that is not exhausted by its mere reference. In successful communication, participants must }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 share}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  something, it must somehow be clear to them just }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 what}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  are the symbols used, and this, I suggest, amounts to their attaching \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 the same }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  to the patterns they use. A pattern is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 sinnvoll}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  to us only as a symbol: this applies to proper names as well, and therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 are indispensable in semantics: even proper names (as symbols) do have content (= }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid13728500 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ) besides referen\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 c\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  (= }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Bede
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 utung}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 
). The mere reference cannot fulfill this role (cf. the popular direct reference view that \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 the content/meaning of a proper name is exhausted by its referent\'94\loch\f39 \hich\f39  (or that \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 
proper names lack content/meaning\'94\loch\f39 )).
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 To illustrate, if a shower of meteorites ha\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ppened to form a huge pattern \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Aristotle\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 
, visible from the Earth, on the surface of the Moon, this pattern wouldn\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 t, obviously, carry any interpretation with it. (I don\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 t mean that we couldn\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 
t know which Aristotle is meant but that no Aristotle is meant \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 a\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
t all.) Imagine that some people would think that the shower cannot be accidental and that, therefore, it must be that God is trying in this manner to relate to us the importance of Aristotle the Philosopher. These people would thereby interpret this toke
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 n\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  of \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Aristotle\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 \hich\f39  in a certain manner, \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 assume a particular reading\'94\loch\f39 
 for it, use it as a symbol, attach a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  to it, take it as a pattern with a content. (And, therefore, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Bedeutung}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
\hich\f39  of this pattern, so taken, would be \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 determined\'94\loch\f39  for these people.)
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 This interpretation of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  is consistent with the description theory: One view is that this ability to use proper names as symbols, or the sharing of their }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  between speakers, is due to the contents of definite descriptions. However, the description theory is by no means forced on the account of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 of proper names outlined above: it suffices to hold that these sharings (or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ) are due to whatever it \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 is that enables us to communicate with symbols. To repeat, Frege\hich\f39 \rquote 
\loch\f39 s point is that something \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39  must be shared in communication or in any use of symbols. For this, names need not be taken as descriptive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 5{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li62\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin62\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\af39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Michael Dummett (1973) has maintained tha\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
t even though it is Frege's view that a name, in a use, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  be descriptional, \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 
there is nothing in what he says to warrant the conclusion that the sense of a proper name is always the sense of some complex description\'94\loch\f39  (Dummett 1973, 97-98; see also Evans \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 
1982, 18). Dummett continues: \'93\loch\f39 All that is necessary, in order that the senses of two names which have the same referent should differ, is that we should have a different way of recognizing an
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li62\ri0\sa397\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin62\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
object as the referent of each of the two names: there is no re\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 
ason to suppose that the means by which we effect such a recognition should be expressible by means of a definite description or any other complex singular term\'94\loch\f39  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ibid.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
, 98). Dummett\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 s view is that attaching a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  to a proper name is to associate a \'93\loch\f39 crite\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 rion of identification\'94\loch\f39 
 to that name (see, for instance, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ibid.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 , 111). What I am suggesting, in contrast to Dummett, does not concern at all \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 a way of recognizing an object\'94
\loch\f39 \hich\f39  or \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 a criterion of identification\'94\loch\f39  but, rather, the fact that using a pattern with \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 a \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 fixed understanding\'94\loch\f39 
 amounts to regarding it as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 sinnvoll}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 4. Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 s Apparent Endorsement of the Description Theory
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 In \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Der Gedanke\'94\loch\f39  Frege writes as follows (KS 349-50 / CP 358-59):
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
Suppose [...] that Herbert Garner knows that Dr. Gustav Lauben was \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
born on 13 September, 1875 in N.N. and this is not true of anyone else; suppose, however, that he does not know where Dr. Lauben now lives nor indeed anything else about him. On the other hand, suppose Leo Peter does not know that Dr. Lauben was born on 1
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 3\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  September 1875, in N.N. Then as far as the proper name \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Dr. Gustav Lauben\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  is concerned, Herbert Garner and Leo Peter }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 do not speak the same language,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  although they do in fact refer to the same man with this name; for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 they do not know that they are doing s\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  [my emphases]. Therefore Herbert Garner does not associate the same thought with the sentence \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Dr. Gustav Lauben was wounded
\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  as Leo Peter wants to express with it. [...]
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Accordingly, with a proper name, it is a matter of the way that the object so desig\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
nated is presented. This may happen in different ways, and to every such way there corresponds a special sense of a sentence containing the proper name. The different thoughts thus obtained from the same sentences correspond in truth-value, of course; tha
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 t\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  is to say, if one is true then all are true, and if one is false than all are false. Nevertheless the difference must be recognized. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid13728500 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Frege}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  doesn\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 t advocate the description theory in this passage. Rather, he is making it clear how background knowledge \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
may affect communication with proper names, even to the point that the speakers in a communication situation are in effect using distinct symbols, that is, attach distinct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 to what is in fact communally one and the same name.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 6{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li62\ri0\sa397\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin62\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\af39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 An equiform name with t\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 he same referent (in different uses) is here termed \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 communally the same name\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 
. (Strictly speaking, they should also have the same chain of communication, cf. Kripke 1980, 8n9.)}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 In using a symbol that on the communal level is in fact a single symbol, spea\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 kers may be uncertain whether there are in fact two symbols at hand. Two speakers may even think that they are really using distinct symbols 
\hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39  this happens when they think that they are referring to distinct objects (or don\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 t know that they are referring \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 t\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
o the same object), as in Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 \hich\f39 s just-quoted Gustav Lauben passage. According to Frege, in this case \'93\loch\f39 as far as the proper name \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Dr Gustav Lauben\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 
\hich\f39  is concerned, Herbert Garner and Leo Peter do not speak the same language\'94\loch\f39 \hich\f39  and do not \'93\loch\f39 associate the same t\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 h\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ought with the sentence \hich\f39 
\lquote \loch\f39 Dr. Gustav Lauben was wounded\hich\f39 \rquote \'94\loch\f39 , which proves that in Frege\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 s view they indeed attach distinct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  to 
\hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Dr Gustav Lauben\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  (surely, it is taken for granted in this example that they share }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  with \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 was\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  and 
\hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 wounded\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 ). Of course,\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 even a single speaker may take what is in fact (communally) a single symbol as two distinct ones (in different contexts), i.e., attach two different }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 to an expression (an example of which is Kripke\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 s (1979) Paderewski case).
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 My suggestion is that al\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 so in The Footnote in \'93\'dc\loch\f39 \hich\f39 ber Sinn und Bedeutung\'94\loch\f39 
 Frege is indicating potential problems of communication in ordinary discourse \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39  though, unfortunately, in a very}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid13728500 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  quick-and-dirty manner. If }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
speaker A knows about Aristotle only that he was the most promin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid13728500 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ent student o\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 f Plato and 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
peaker B knows about the very same Aristotle only that he was the most famous teacher of Alexander (and both A and B use the name \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Aristotle\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 ), then A and B do not, indeed, share a symbol (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ) in using \hich\f39 \lquote \loch\f39 Aristotle\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39  \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39  and one \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 need not be a description theorist in advocating this view.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\keepn\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 5. Conclusion}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid13728500 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 (i) There is in Frege
\hich\f39 \rquote \loch\f39 s writings no conclusive evidence for the received view that he advocated the description theory.
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 (ii) To attach a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Sinn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  to a \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 proper name pattern\'94\loch\f39  is just to\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 take this pattern as a particular symbol \hich\f39 \endash \loch\f39  the description theory is dispensable.
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 (iii) The Gustav Lauben passage in \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Der Gedanke\'94\loch\f39 \hich\f39  and, arguably, also the notorious footnote in \'93\'dc\loch\f39 \hich\f39 ber Sinn und Bedeutung\'94\loch\f39 
 are about, not the description theory but problems \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 with communication with proper names.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 7{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li62\ri0\sa397\sl480\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin62\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang1035\langfe1035\loch\af39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1035\langfenp1035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\super\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  In writing this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid16385579\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 paper, I am deeply indebted to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid16385579\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Tapio Korte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  (personal communication). Also, I thank an anonymous referee of GPS for many useful suggestions that improved this paper.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\par 
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 References
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Bealer, G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 eorge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 2002}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Modal Epistemology and the Rationalist Renaissance\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 n}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Tamar S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Gendler}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  & John}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Hawthorne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  (eds.), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Conceivability and Possibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 71-125.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Dummett, M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ichael}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  1973}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Frege: Philosophy of Language}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  London: Duckworth.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Evans, G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 areth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  1982}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 The Varieties of Reference}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid13728500 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Oxford: Oxford University Press.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Frege, G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ottlob}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  1884}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik: Eine logisch mathematische Untersuchung \'fc\loch\f39 ber den Begriff der Zahl}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  / }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 The Foundations of Arithmetic: A Logico-Mathematical E\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 nquiry into the Concept of Number}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 rans. J}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ohn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  L. Austin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Oxford: Blackwell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 econd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 , revised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  ed. 1953 (first ed. 1950). = GL
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Frege, G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ottlob}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  1967}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Kleine Schriften}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 d. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 gnacio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Angelelli}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid344693 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 Hildesheim: G. Olms. = KS
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Frege, Gottlob}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 1969}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Nachgelassene Schriften}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 d. H}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid344693\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Hermes, F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 riedrich}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Kambartel & F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 riedrich}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Kaulbach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Hamburg: Felix Meiner.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 econd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 , revised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 ed. 1983. = NS
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Frege, G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ottlob}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  1979}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Posthumous Writings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 . E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 d. H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ans}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Hermes, F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 riedrich}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Kambartel & F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 riedrich}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 Kaulbach, trans. P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 eter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Lon\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 g & R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 oger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  White}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Oxford: Blackwell. = PW
\par 
\par \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Frege, G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 ottlob}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  1984}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Collected Papers on Mathematics, Logic, and Philosophy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1053\langfe1035\langnp1053\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 E}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1053\langfe1035\langnp1053\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 d. B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1053\langfe1035\langnp1053\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 rian McGuinness, trans. Hans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1053\langfe1035\langnp1053\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Kaal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1053\langfe1035\langnp1053\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 et al.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1053\langfe1035\langnp1053\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 Oxford: Blackwell. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 = CP
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Kaplan, D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 avid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  1989}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  
\'93\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39 Demonstratives: An Essay on the Semantics, Logic, Metaphysics, and Epistemology of Demonstratives and Other Indexicals\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 n}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 : Joseph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Almog,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  John}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Perry &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 
 Howard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Wettstein (eds.), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Themes from Kaplan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid13728500 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 481-563.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Kripke, S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 aul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 197\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 \hich\f39  \'93\loch\f39 \hich\f39 A Puzzle about Belief\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid1663056\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Avishai }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Margalit (ed.), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Meaning and Use}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Dordrecht: Reidel, 239-83.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Kripke, S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid10184631\charrsid10184631 
\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 aul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  1980}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid9662889\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39 Naming and Necessity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid9662889\charrsid9662889 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 \hich\af39\dbch\af31505\loch\f39  Cambridge: Harvard University Press.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1035\langnp1033\insrsid15422032\charrsid1663056 
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