Hae

The underlying cause of many human autoimmune diseases is unknown, but several environmental factors are implicated in triggering the self-destructive immune reactions. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease ...

Microorganisms are the most dominant forms of life in Earth's history. Interactions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms play key roles in ecosystem functioning and can take many forms. Traditionally, such ...

Bacteria form heterogeneous communities with specific spatial structures. The heterogeneity of bacteria can be genetic or phenotypic and even within one strain of bacteria there can be differences in the metabolism and ...