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Epichloë Endophyte-Promoted Seed Pathogen Increases Host Grass Resistance Against Insect Herbivory
<p><br></p><p>Plants host taxonomically and functionally complex communities of microbes. However, ecological studies on plant–microbe interactions rarely address the role of multiple co-occurring plant-associated microbes. ...
Edaphic heterogeneity and the evolutionary trajectory of Amazonian plant communities
<p><br></p><p>We investigated how the phylogenetic structure of Amazonian plant communities varies along an edaphic gradient within the non-inundated forests. Forty localities were sampled on three terrain types representing ...
Monitoring of ticks and tick-borne pathogens through a nationwide research station network in Finland
In 2015 a long-term, nationwide tick and tick-borne pathogen (TBP) monitoring project was started by the Finnish Tick Project and the Finnish Research Station network (RESTAT), with the goal of producing temporally and ...
First evidence of Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitization in Finnish castor bean ticks (Ixodes ricinus)
<p>Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera:
Encyrtidae) is a parasitoid wasp specialized in parasitizing the larvae
and nymphs of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). As parasitized ticks die prior to
reproduction, I. hookeri is seen
as a prime biological control agent candidate. Despite this, little is
known of their occurrence or ecology in northern Europe. The main aim of
the current study was to determine whether adult wasps or parasitized
ticks can be found from a tick-infested island in southwestern Finland,
using field collections and molecular methods. Following the initial
discovery of an adult I. hookeri
female on Seili Island, we set out to collect further specimens via
sweep netting and Malaise trappings between May and October 2017.
Furthermore, 1310 Ixodes ricinus (1220 nymphs, 90 adults) collected from the island during 2012–2014 were screened for I. hookeri DNA using qPCR. Whereas no further wasp specimens could be collected via sweep netting or Malaise trappings, I. hookeri DNA was consistently detected in I. ricinus
nymphs (annual minimum infection rates in 2012, 2013, and 2014: 2.3,
0.4, and 0.5%, respectively), whereas all adult samples were negative.
Although the annually repeated detections of parasitized ticks suggest
that the wasp inhabits the island, further field and molecular surveys
are needed to more comprehensively determine the status and stability of
the population.</p>...
Changes in Biomass and Diversity of Soil Macrofauna along a Climatic Gradient in European Boreal Forests
<p><br></p><p>Latitudinal gradients allow insights into the factors that shape ecosystem structure and delimit ecosystem processes, particularly climate. We asked whether the biomass and diversity of soil macrofauna in ...
A Glyphosate-Based Herbicide in Soil Differentially Affects Hormonal Homeostasis and Performance of Non-target Crop Plants
<p><br></p><p>Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide with a yearly increase in global application. Recent studies report glyphosate residues from diverse habitats globally where the effect on non-target plants are still to be explored. Glyphosate disrupts the shikimate pathway which is the basis for several plant metabolites. The central role of phytohormones in regulating plant growth and responses to abiotic and biotic environment has been ignored in studies examining the effects of glyphosate residues on plant performance and trophic interactions. We studied interactive effects of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) residues and phosphate fertilizer in soil on the content of main phytohormones, their precursors and metabolites, as well as on plant performance and herbivore damage, in three plant species, oat (Avena sativa), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa). Plant hormonal responses to GBH residues were highly species-specific. Potato responded to GBH soil treatment with an increase in stress-related phytohormones abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and jasmonic acid but a decrease in cytokinin ribosides and cytokinin-O-glycosides. GBH residues in combination with phosphate in soil increased aboveground biomass of potato plants and the concentration of the auxin phenylacetic acid but decreased phaseic acid and cytokinin ribosides and O-glycosides. Chorsimate-derived compounds (indole-3-acetic acid, phenylacetic acid and benzoic acid) as well as herbivore damage decreased in oat, when growing in GBH-treated soil but concentrations of the cytokinin dihydrozeatin and cytokinin ribosides increased. In strawberry plants, phosphate treatment was associated with an elevation of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) and the cytokinin trans-zeatin, while decreasing concentrations of the auxin phenylacetic acid and cytokinin dihydrozeatin was observed in the case of GBH treatment. Our results demonstrate that ubiquitous herbicide residues have multifaceted consequences by modulating the hormonal equilibrium of plants, which can have cascading effects on trophic interactions.</p>...
Taxonomy and evolutionary history of the neotropical fern genus Salpichlaena (Blechnaceae)
<div><div><div><p>Salpichlaena is a distinctive fern genus characterised by 2-pinnate climbing fronds with indeterminategrowth. The number of species in the genus has been a matter of debate. Taxonomic studies are made ...
Characterizing primate home-ranges in Amazonia: Using ferns and lycophytes as indicators of site quality
The habitats present in research sites across Amazonia have usually been characterized only very broadly, for example, as inundated or non-inundated (terra firma) forests. However, within each of these categories there is ...
Multispectral canopy reflectance improves spatial distribution models of Amazonian understory species
Species distribution models are required for the research and management of biodiversity in the hyperdiverse tropical forests, but reliable and ecologically relevant digital environmental data layers are not always available. ...
Insect oviposition preference between Epichloe-symbiotic and Epichloe-free grasses does not necessarily reflect larval performance
Variation in plant communities is likely to modulate the feeding and oviposition behavior of herbivorous insects, and plant-associated microbes are largely ignored in this context. Here, we take into account that insects ...