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The gut microbiome has shown promise as a predictive biomarker for various diseases. However, the potential of gut microbiota for prospective risk prediction of liver disease has not been assessed. Here, we utilized shallow ...

We have shown that prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) increased beneficial gut microbiota (GM) and prevented high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, but the mechanisms associated with these effects are not clear. We ...

<p>We introduce the operational genomic unit (OGU) method, a metagenome analysis strategy that directly exploits sequence alignment hits to individual reference genomes as the minimum unit for assessing the diversity of ...

<p>OBJECTIVE</p><p>To examine the previously unknown long-term association between gut microbiome composition and incident type 2 diabetes in a representative population cohort.</p><p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS</p><p>We collected fecal samples from 5,572 Finns (mean age 48.7 years; 54.1% women) in 2002 who were followed up for incident type 2 diabetes until 31 December 2017. The samples were sequenced using shotgun metagenomics. We examined associations between gut microbiome composition and incident diabetes using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models. We first used the eastern Finland subpopulation to obtain initial findings and validated these in the western Finland subpopulation.</p><p>RESULTS</p><p>Altogether, 432 cases of incident diabetes occurred over the median follow-up of 15.8 years. We detected four species and two clusters consistently associated with incident diabetes in the validation models. These four species were Clostridium citroniae (hazard ratio [HR] 1.21; 95% CI 1.04–1.42), C. bolteae (HR 1.20; 95% CI 1.04–1.39), Tyzzerella nexilis (HR 1.17; 95% CI 1.01–1.36), and Ruminococcus gnavus (HR 1.17; 95% CI 1.01–1.36). The positively associated clusters, cluster 1 (HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.02–1.38) and cluster 5 (HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.02–1.36), mostly consisted of these same species.</p><p>CONCLUSIONS</p><p>We observed robust species-level taxonomic features predictive of incident type 2 diabetes over long-term follow-up. These findings build on and extend previous mainly cross-sectional evidence and further support links between dietary habits, metabolic diseases, and type 2 diabetes that are modulated by the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome can potentially be used to improve disease prediction and uncover novel therapeutic targets for diabetes.</p>...

<p>Diet and gut microbiota are known to modulate metabolic health. Our aim was to apply a metagenomics approach to investigate whether the diet-gut microbiota-metabolism and inflammation relationships differ in pregnant overweight and obese women. This cross-sectional study was conducted in overweight (n = 234) and obese (n = 152) women during early pregnancy. Dietary quality was measured by a validated index of diet quality (IDQ). Gut microbiota taxonomic composition and species diversity were assessed by metagenomic profiling (Illumina HiSeq platform). Markers for glucose metabolism (glucose, insulin) and low-grade inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], glycoprotein acetylation [GlycA]) were analyzed from blood samples. Higher IDQ scores were positively associated with a higher gut microbiota species diversity (r = 0.273, P = 0.007) in obese women, but not in overweight women. Community composition (beta diversity) was associated with the GlycA level in the overweight women (P = 0.04) but not in the obese. Further analysis at the species level revealed a positive association between the abundance of species Alistipes finegoldii and the GlycA level in overweight women (logfold change = 4.74, P = 0.04). This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01922791 (<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01922791">https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01922791</a>).<br></p>...

The randomized controlled Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) has completed a 20-year infancy-onset dietary counselling intervention to reduce exposure to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ...

<div><p>New means to stabilize the microbial balance during pregnancy could benefit maternal health. Our objectives were to investigate in overweight/obese pregnant women 1) the impact of long-chain <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/polyunsaturated-fatty-acid" title="Learn more about polyunsaturated fatty acids from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">polyunsaturated fatty acids</a> (fish oil) and/or <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/probiotic-agent" title="Learn more about probiotics from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">probiotics</a> on the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/vagina-flora" title="Learn more about vaginal microbiota from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">vaginal microbiota</a>, 2) its relation to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/gestational-diabetes" title="Learn more about gestational diabetes mellitus from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">gestational diabetes mellitus</a> (GDM) and 3) its interaction with vaginal active matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) and serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (phIGFBP-1), IGFBP-1 and aMMP-8.<br></p><p>The women were allocated to fish oil + placebo, probiotics + placebo, fish oil + probiotics and placebo + placebo-groups, from <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/first-trimester-pregnancy" title="Learn more about early pregnancy from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">early pregnancy</a> onwards (fish oil: 1.9 g <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/docosahexaenoic-acid" title="Learn more about docosahexaenoic acid from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">docosahexaenoic acid</a> and 0.22 g <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/icosapentaenoic-acid" title="Learn more about eicosapentaenoic acid from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">eicosapentaenoic acid</a>; probiotics: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 (formerly <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/lactobacillus" title="Learn more about Lactobacillus from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">Lactobacillus</a> rhamnosus HN001) and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/bifidobacterium-animalis" title="Learn more about Bifidobacterium animalis from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">Bifidobacterium animalis</a> ssp. lactis 420, 10¹⁰ colony-forming units each). Vaginal and serum samples (early pregnancy, n = 112; <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/third-trimester-pregnancy" title="Learn more about late pregnancy from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">late pregnancy</a>, n = 116), were analyzed for vaginal microbiota using <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/rna-16s" title="Learn more about 16S rRNA from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">16S rRNA</a> gene <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/amplicon" title="Learn more about amplicon from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">amplicon</a> sequencing and vaginal aMMP-8 and serum hsCRP, aMMP-8, phIGFBP-1 and IGFBP-1 by <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/immunoassay" title="Learn more about immunoassays from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">immunoassays</a>. GDM was diagnosed from a 2-h 75 g <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/oral-glucose-tolerance-test" title="Learn more about OGTT from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">OGTT</a>. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01922791.</p><p>The intervention exerted effects on many low-abundant bacteria. Compared to the placebo-group, there was a lower abundance of potential pathobionts, namely <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ureaplasma" title="Learn more about Ureaplasma from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">Ureaplasma</a> urealyticum in the fish oil-group, Ureaplasma, U. urealyticum and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/prevotella" title="Learn more about Prevotella from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">Prevotella</a> disiens in the probiotics-group, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/dialister" title="Learn more about Dialister from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">Dialister</a> invisus and Prevotella timonensis in the fish oil + probiotics-group. Moreover, probiotics decreased the abundance of a few potential pathobionts during pregnancy. Many bacteria were related to GDM. The vaginal aMMP-8 level correlated significantly with α-diversity and inversely with two Lactobacillus species.</p><p>Dietary interventions, especially probiotics, may have beneficial effects on the vaginal microbiota during pregnancy.</p></div>...