HAL Id: halshs-02425856
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Is Twitter just a Media Amplifier? Evidence from a
data-driven, comparative Analysis of German Federal
Elections 2017 and European Elections 2019
Kimmo Elo
To cite this version:
Kimmo Elo. Is Twitter just a Media Amplifier? Evidence from a data-driven, comparative Analysis
of German Federal Elections 2017 and European Elections 2019. 2019. ￿halshs-02425856￿
Is Twitter just a Media Amplifier? Evidence
from a data-driven, comparative Analysis of
German Federal Elections 2017 and European
Elections 2019
Kimmo Elo
∗
31st December 2019
Abstract
Despite its rather modest number of users, Twitter has gained a certain
status as platform for on-time political communication and recent studies
have brought evidence, that significant events tend to produce peaks in
Twitter activity. This article focuses on the interaction between Twit-
ter and traditional mass media channels (newspapers, magazines, TV)
by analysing topics central in Twitter communication on politics. The
data-driven analysis presented in the article analyses the structure and
dynamics of topics discussed on Twitter during elections. The data used
in this article are from two political events, the German Federal Elections
2017 and European elections 2019. Both datasets contain more than one
million tweets Empirically, the article seeks to evidence the usefulness of
Twitter data when it comes to gain understanding of actual political de-
bates in a society. Methodically, the article seeks to present how data
mining, modelling and visualisation tools can be exploited in order to
extract scientifically relevant, reliable and significant, and analytically in-
teresting results from a very large dataset to be used to answer questions
being relevant for political and social sciences and media studies as well.
Keywords: Data analysis; EU; Germany; Network analysis; Political
communicatio; Topic modelling; Twitter
1 Introduction
Internet-based social media forums (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram etc.) have
gained a rather established status as forums for digital politics. These forums
are not just political spaces where users simply comment on political events
and issues.1 Instead, these platforms can also been seen as platforms of polit-
ical action. In this article I use two other concepts to tackle political action.
Politicking refers to actions carried out within a certain political space  in this
∗Centre for Parliamentary Studies, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland; E-
Mail: kimmo.elo@utu.fi
1For a good overview of digital politics, see Coleman & Freelon 2015
1
article the Twitter  and aiming at the increase in the weight of certain political
issues. Politicization, in turn, refers to action aiming at creating new space for
politicking by marking a phenomenon as political, by detecting its political po-
tential and thus expanding the presence of the political.2 Digital politics seem
to increase the speed of both politicking and politicalisation especially in issues
and questions having a strong societal and political impact on a large number
of people. Social media platforms play an important role in this process, since
these enable events, debates and issues to spread out rapidly in a global scale.
In the literature the quick-cyclic nature of social media communication is often
referred to as `virality' and seen as very fundamental for digital communication.3
This article focuses on Twitter communication around two major political events,
the German federal elections in September 2017 and the European Parliament-
ary elections in May 2019. Twitter has, despite its rather limited number of
users when compared to Facebook, gained a rather firm status as an important
forum for real-time online commenting on current societal and political issues
and discussion. From this perspective it is interesting to analyse, whether Twit-
ter discussions actually reflect and amplify wider political debates in the society.
In order to do that the article analyses in both cases the last four (4) weeks
before the official election day. In order to capture topics and themes I focus on
the use of the so-called `hashtags' used to connect a tweet with a certain topic.
The underlying idea is rather simple and based on the assumption that hashtags
serve the function to politicking and politicalisation, but also to create a certain
hierarchy within a major topic, here the elections. As regards `politicking' the
use of the top-level hashtag  in the context of this article the `official' hashtag(s)
for both elections  is interpreted as a user's action to link her tweet with the
elections. As regards `politicalisation' the use of other hashtags in co-occurrence
with the above-mentioned top-level hashtag brings in a sub-topic to this general
debate. Hence, by using other hashtags in co-occurrence with the top-level,
general hashtag, the user focuses her communication by linking it to certain
more specific topics. This analytical approach gains support from recent studies
having evidenced that hashtag co-occurrences are a reliable base to identify and
analyse thematically different sub-discussion under a certain general hashtag
(like #metoo).4
In this article Twitter is considered as a digital extension of public space, an on-
line, real-time platform for political communication. Hence, Twitter is not sep-
arate, nor disconnected from public discussions in polity, the political sphere for
the struggle of possible futures by political activities.5 Against this background
the political communication in Twitter is expected to reflect, even amplify wider
public debates. Consequently, a thematic analysis of political communication in
Twitter is expected to show a strong correlation with wider public discussion,
especially with those present in other public media. However, Twitter is also
expected to serve as an amplifier strengthening selected public discussions and
debates in the digital realm. This article seeks to bring out evidence for both
of these background assumptions.
This article understands it first and foremost as a methodological contribution
2Palonen, 2007, 42, 62-63, 65-66
3Especially Nahon & Hemsley 2013; Wang et al. 2016
4Feicheng & Yating 2014; Wang et al. 2016
5Palonen, 2007, 41-42, 59, 63
2
and seeks to exemplify how selected digital methods can be applied to a large
dataset in order to obtain scientifically interesting and relevant results. My
approach is exploratory, since the article seeks to explore patterns hidden in the
data. However, the article has a strong empirical aspect seeking to improve our
understanding about the role of Twitter communication as a modern form of
political communication.
The structure of the article is as follows. The first section introduces the data
collection procedure, the obtained datasets used in the analysis, and the methods
applied. The next section presents and discusses the analytical results. The
article is rounded up with a concluding section.
2 Data and Method
All results presented in this article are obtained by applying digital tools and
methods to two large datasets, the first collected during the German federal
elections in 2017, the second during the European Parliamentary elections in
2019. Both datasets consist solely of Twitter messages (i.e. tweets) containing
at least one of the official hashtags used to tag the elections. The data collection
was done via the Twitter API6 enabling a real-time streaming of tweets from
the Twitter. The streaming itself was carried out by a small computer script
written with the programming language Python and its `tweepy' library7. The
Twitter API returns a JSON formatted8 record for each tweet and these records
were stored locally in a single file.
The first dataset consists of tweets collected during the German federal elections
in September 2017. The original full dataset covers the period between 1 March
2017 and 31 December 2017. The hashtag filter used to collect tweets consisted
of the following `official' hashtags: #btw2017, #btw17, #bundestagswahl2017.
For this paper, I broke off a datasets covering the four (4) weeks before the official
election day, 24 September 2017. The most important structural characteristics
of this dataset are:
• Ntweets≈ 665.800, Nusers≈ 171.000
• User activity: 3.0 (mean), 1.0 (median), [1. . . 3590]
• Original tweets: ≈ 230.000 (35 %)
As Figure 1 shows the tweeting activity increases continuously during the last
four weeks before the official election day, 24 September 2017. Thus, we can
expect to be able to identify the most important topics and themes during this
final stage of the election campaign.
The second dataset consist of tweets collected during the European Parliament-
ary elections in May 2019. The original full dataset covers the period between
1 February 2019 and 23 June 2010 (i.e. four weeks after the election day).
One problem with these elections was the fact that the EU is a multi-lingual
political space with 24 official languages. Since my own interest focuses on
6https://developer.twitter.com/
7http://www.tweepy.org/
8https://json.org/
3
Figure 1: Twitter activity (original tweets and retweets) during the last four
weeks before the German federal elections.
Figure 2: Twitter activity (original tweets and retweets) during the last four
weeks before the European Parliamentary elections.
4
supranational political communication I decided to limit the data collection to
Europe's lingua franca, i.e. to English. This data reduction was carried out
in two steps. First, the hashtag filter used to collect tweets was instructed to
filter by the following hashtags: #epelections2019, #euelections2019, #ep2019,
#thistimeimvoting. The last hashtag was a general hashtag used by an initi-
ative seeking to encourage people to vote. In the second step the dataset was
reduced by filtering by language, stored in the `language' field in each record.
The dataset was filtered to include only tweets written in English. The most
important structural characteristics of this second dataset are:
• Ntweets≈ 1.121.600, Nusers≈ 295.000
• User activity: 2.8 (mean), 1.0 (median), [1. . . 683]
• Original tweets: ≈ 213.000 (18 %)
As regards the tweeting activity the European Parliamentary elections show a
similar pattern like we saw in the German case, that is the tweeting activity
increases during the last four weeks before the official election day (Figure 2).
The peaks marked in the timeline include the European Day on 9 May 2019,
the Spitzenkandidat debate on 15 May 2019, as well the brexit votings in the
British parliament on 22 May 2019. Hence, also in the case of the European
Parliamentary elections we can rather safely expect to be able to identify the
most important topics and themes during by analysing Twitter communication
during this final stage of the election campaign.
These two datasets were processed further with a specific command-line tool
`jq' to extract only the fields relevant for the analysis from the feature-rich
JSON data. The cleaned datasets were then imported in and processed further
with the statistical software R9. All descriptive statistical analyses have been
made with R. Additionally, the network analysis and visualisation software `vi-
sone'10 has been used to analyse and visualise network data based on hashtag
co-occurrences.
A central claim of this article is that Twitter data can be used to obtain reli-
able understanding of thematic patterns covered in digital debates on a certain
political topic, here national and European elections. This can be achieved
by dedicated exploratory digital tools, designed to mine large data in order to
identify structural patterns and dynamics.
In this article I apply two different digital tools. The first tool is based on social
network analysis (SNA) and focusing on hashtag co-occurrences. The main aim
is to gain understanding of patterns forming distinct clusters and to interpret
the clusters against current political debates. In other words, this analysis is
designed to shed light on general thematic patterns having been typical for the
analysed Twitter communication.
The analysis process was carried out in the following six steps. First, the dataset
was filtered to include tweets containing at least two hashtags. In the second
step each hashtags occurring in the same tweet were connected to all other
hashtags in the same tweet. Third, hashtag pairs containing one of the top-level
9www.r-project.org
10www.visone.info
5
hashtags were removed. This step was necessary in order to shift the focus to
sub-discussions. This network data preparation was completed with R. For the
next steps the network data was imported in `visone' for further analysis. In
the fourth step the initial co-occurrence network was created and all hashtag
pairs occurring only once were removed. Further, all hashtags co-occurring with
less than five other hashtags were removed. This step was necessary in order to
improve the reliability of cluster analysis, which was applied in the step three.
This not only reduced the network in size, but also helped to focus the analysis
on core patterns typical for the communication. In the fifth step the network
was clustered by applying Louvain clustering method to the network. Since
visone has a built-in support for Louvain method, the application was rather
straightforward. Although many other clustering methods are around, Louvain
has proven to be rather robust and reliable method for network clustering11. The
underlying assumption here was that tweets sharing a topic also share hashtags,
so that an analysis of hashtag co-occurrence patterns can bring out thematic
differences. In the last, six, step the clustered network was visualised as a so-
called Voronoi map organising the clustered network in a visually pleasant way
making the identification of clusters rather simple. Another positive thing in
Voronoi maps is that it makes it rather easy to understand the cluster structure
hidden in the data, plus to compare clusters in size and content. Voronoi maps
were created to visualise the whole period of four weeks, since this analysis seeks
to identify the main topics during the last four weeks before the election day.
The second digital tool applied in this article is term frequency, inverse document
frequency analysis (tf-idf) widely used in text mining. This analysis focused
on weekly communication and sought to identify hashtags typical for one, but
not for all four weeks. Generally speaking, the very idea of this measure is
to decrease the weight for commonly used words and to increase the weight for
words that are not used very much in a collection of documents.12 In this article
tf-idf method was used to increase the weight of hashtags typical for one week
and to reduce the weight of commonly used hashtags. The main aim of this
approach is to gain understanding about weekly changes in themes and topics.
To sum up, the methods applied in this article offer two different views on
the same communication. The first, network analysis and clustering, seeks to
grasp the overall thematic structure, that is the topics having dominated the
discussion during the last four weeks before the election day. The second, tf-idf
analysis, digs deeper and sheds light on weekly discussions and changes over
time.
3 Results
3.1 German Federal Elections 2017
This article seeks to find evidence for the hypothesis that in political communic-
ation Twitter is mainly used to amplify ongoing discussions. In order to test this
hypothesis a comparative approach is used, in which topics and themes found in
11Blondel et al. 2008
12A good description of the method can be found here: https://www.tidytextmining.com/
tfidf.html#the-bind_tf_idf-function
6
Twitter discussions are reflected against topics having been in the media. Since
recent studies have evidences that Twitter debates are rather `peaky' and quick-
living13, it seems rather safe to assume that - if the hypothesis is confirmed -
there should be a rather strong correlation between topics present in Twitter
and topics present on other media platforms.
As regards the German federal elections 2017 I decided to re-construct main pub-
lic debates based on the weekly political magazine Der Spiegel. The magazine
is a leading weekly magazine in the German-speaking Europe and covers all rel-
evant political, societal and economic affairs. Further, Der Spiegel can be seen
as an important influencer and opinion-builder among the public. Although
the magazine is a quality magazine and, hence, more a magazine for the well-
educated people, it can be considered a reliable source for the re-construction
of the main political discussions in Germany during the four weeks before the
election day.
Quite understandable the ongoing election campaign dominated the media land-
scape. Der Spiegel followed parties on election rallies. In the issue 35/2017 (26
August 2017) the one single TV debate between Chancellor Angela Merkel and
her challenger Martin Schulz was a central topic, followed by a report on the
online campaigning of the right-wing populist AfD (Alternative für Deutsch-
land), which had hired consults and advisers from the USA to help to build an
anti-Merkel campaign on the social media. The title story of the issue 36/2017
(2 September 2019) was dedicated to the unbalanced struggle between Merkel
and Schulz, giving Merkel the position of an almost absolute favourite. The
report was accompanied with a Spiegel -Interview with Chancellor Merkel. The
issue 37/2017 (9 September 2017) tackles with its title story the political po-
larisation, the rise of populism and anti-Merkelism, as well the hate speech and
disinformation campaigning in the Internet. The last issue considered here is
the issue 38/2017 (16 September 2017), published one week before the election
day. This issue is dedicated to the Federal elections and tackles questions related
to possible coalitions and the high number of undecided and/or swing voters.
This issue also contains the major interview with Merkel's challenger Martin
Schulz. Included in this issue is also a critical evaluation of the outgoing grand
coalition, in which promises made are reflected against the actual outcomes.
In addition to these weekly topics, German public discussion were during the
final stage of the federal elections overshadowed by the refugee crisis. The crisis
itself started already in 2015 as a very high number of refugees came to Europe.
In Germany, Chancellor Merkel's decision to welcome refugees quickly resulted
in a political split in a nationalist-conservative and a liberal-cosmopolitan blocks.
The former was actively fed by the right-wing populist party AfD harshly at-
tacking Chancellor Merkel's refugee policy - especially in the social media and
other online platforms.
In order to gain understanding about general topics during the last for weeks
of the German federal election campaigns I experimented with an idea to apply
network analysis to gain understanding about hashtag clusters hidden in Twitter
data. My approach focuses on hashtag co-occurrences and is rooted in the
idea that users participating in political debates in Twitter use hashtags to
politicalise their tweets, that is to connect a tweet to a certain political topic
13##VIITE SEN SAKSALAISEN (KONSTANZ) TUTKIMUKSIIN, JOSSA TÄMÄ
PIIKIKKYYS-IDEA!!
7
#followers
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#mankannniegenughashtagshaben
#parteiwählen
#sahrawagenknecht
#frauenrechte #l sengegenüberwachung
#bürger
#wastun
#nowar
#kindersoldaten
#kommunalwahl
#militär
#shitstorm
#tagderdemokrati
#taz
#pädophi e
#kernkraft#lesen
#respekt
#eimsbüttel
#perle #grundschulen
#tempelhof
#afdistkeinealternative#afdraus
#demokratiekannschwierigsein#akademisieru
#aufruf
#beteiligung
#mutzumrussen
# iedersächsinnen
#rechtsst at
# haw
#menschenrecht
#generalistik
#rde
#rde ews
#vogelfrei #abdurdistan
#grundgesetz
#fürmehrwahlbeteiligung
#mittelmeer
#michaelmüller #frust
#azentrumdo
#nordstadt
#bdsm
#domina
#bockaufwahl
#pulsofeurope
#aufdemweginswahllokal
#osters raße
#equalpay
#pauerfrau
#germoney
#kaisersla tern
#kannste ir chtaus enken
#mannen
#außenpolitik
#mu tread
#stadi2
#webel
#60sekunden
#adenauer
#einfalt
#demonstration
#doppeleinhorn
#weltoffenheit
#einigkeit
#feministin
#frauenpower
#gutepflege
#almanyadasecimvar
# ssange
#kon rollverlust
#liebe
#madmerkel#rosenholz
#vds
#ohnethemen
#realisticya#dystopian
#realtalk
#seenotrettu g#mfs
#vielfaltfirst
#gegennazis
#maas
#özoguz
#gabriel
#nahles
#barley
#sommerinterview
#berlindirekt
#stegner
#bre kingnews
#eilmeldung#oezoguz
#k inestimmedemtürkeifeind
#keintürkemitehrewähltmehrspd
#machet ehmetwählnichtmehrspd
#abschied
#schuluz
#verlierer
#hoegl#pöbelrall
#sigmar#matchbox
#wählern
#verfassungswidrig
#gazpro
#opinions
#deutschland #identitär
#asylpolitik
#denkenwirneu#europa
#islam
#esmuellert
#bergischesland
#heimat
#wuppertal
#asyl
#politik
#linken
#flüchtlinge
#deinestimmezählt
#sicherheit
#hagen
#5kampf
#terror
#merkels
#erdogan
#islamophobie
#fuenfkampf
#eu
#illegal
#grenzöffnug
#fulda
#akp
#erlangen
#nürnberg
#linksextreme
#schweiz
#volksabstimmung
#clundalexa
#fünfkampf
#muslime
#illegale
#cemözdemir
#deutschlandwaehlt
#wirgehenwählen
#berichtausberlin
#antisemitismus
#heidelberg
#halle
#juden
#bpt17
#illnerintensiv
#der5kampf
#fes #reis
#rassismus
#migration
#wissen #soli
#erdoğan
#addemokraten#christentum
#gülen
#schwarzgelb
#wähler
#alternative
#chancen
#freedeniz
#rotgrün
#protestwähl r
#kandidaten
#beitritt
#kanzlercheck#ausweisung
#hitler
#humor
#ringelnatz
#update
#schauenwirnichtlängerzu
#is
#clinto
#nsu
#klimapolitik
#regierung
#bruder
#deutschemitte
#bundesk nzlerin
#wahlprüfstein
#btw1
#kleinerenübel
#wahlübel
#übelwahl
#krimigranten
#weltkindertag
# schi adisten
#h iligekuh
#keinqudstag
#juncker
#wahlrecht
#demokratiecheck
#schultz
#ostfriesland
#wahlpla ate
#wolgast
#europeanunion
#linkehd#richtigrot
#menschen
#millîgörüş
#thisiswhy
#wahlkampfauftakt
#zukunft
#cola
#döner
#pizza
#pommes
#de tsche
#moslems
#traugottdaswarzenschwein
#schweinekanzler
#apartheid
#behi derung
#pulseofeurope
#us
#gewalt
#sumpfkrebs
#niedersach en
#ltw17
#nz
#hungary
#ergebnis
#a ebot
#wahlausschluss
#leereversprechen
#duverdienstmehr
#lustauflinks#familien
#koran
#italien
#spanien
#sahram row
#nsa
#prozent#dombra
#schlagabtausch #herbstbeginn
#september
#lügen
#woche
#poekoeln
#weihnachtenimschuhkarton
#entscheidung
#antilles
#foire
#sept
# rc
#matin
#presse
#rentree
#sport
#triomphe
#r ligiondesfriedens
#decision17
#bundesländern
#putsch
#brüssel
#griechenland
#jugendliche
#bergischgladbach
#loka
#traugottwählen
#valg17
#valg2017
#dm
#supertalent
#analys
#biographie
#fdj
#fluechtling
#l 7
#cemsession#fdplich enb rg
#hal2409#meinestimmezählt
#pulseofeuropekoeln
#ordnung
#add
#bandbreite
#holocaust
#politikdierechnenkann
#gluecklich
#turkei
#fakenewsmedia
#geilmerkel
#krimi alität
#lowesaxony
#lündeburg
#wirtschaft
#wa ln g
#schulzeffect
#trend
#ahlen
#osnabrueck
#ware dorf
#kraken
#schlangen
#eudssr
#muslims
#scharia
#flucht#seele
#vrai777
#antworten
#fragen
#asylbewerber
#franken
#tra gott
#würselen
#diskursverschiebung#poznanski
# erkelversenken
#u berl ben
#legalen
#namens
#lidlboykott
#lidlg te
#volk
#zahl
#witten
#tvtipp
#mediathektipp
#verantwortung
#zeitu g
#ru dfunk
#google
#auffrisc ung
# ahlsystem
#basdorf
#katze
#selbstbestimmung
#israel
#diaby
#diehumanisten
#wiss schaft
#diät n
#braunschweig
#silberhöhe
#n xt17
#kt
#leitk ltur#lidl
#man heim
# einung
#germanistan
#rapef ees
#messer
#chance
#höhe
#politik_inland
#traugottforpresident
#dokutipp
#uhr
#a bas
#bvbkoe
#schuster #au
#aktivismus
#friedrichshain
#chancen leichhei
#gemüseladen
#rbbgirls
#wunschalter
#wunschherkunft
#wunschname
#wünschdirwas
#dibtisch
#tuerkei
#bargeldverbot
#danielpoznanski
#liberal
#wirschaffen asnicht
#flüchtlingskriminalität
#fürdiedemokratie
#r msch id
#islamismus
#position
#legal
#litauen
#vergewaltigungen
#palästinenser#ii
#tag
#rte
#un
#flüchtl
#kirche
#pfuideibel
#ai
#antalya
#bodrum
#recht
#bertelsmann
#chancenfue all
#selbstdenker
#demo ratischen
#natoll
#wahlen17
#esg tumunserland
#euhintergrund
#frei
#fdpxhain
#hörstel
#staatsfer sehen
#politischerislam
#bibel
#kk17
#kopftuc
#neutralitätsge etz
#noch
#offerfeest
#pfaffen
#christi n
#parlament
#thema#ziel
#schriesheim
#ladenburg
#flüchtlingssoli
#sonnensystemwahl
#stimmeerheben
#tieferstaat
#urlaub
#m t
# ufarbeitung weltmeister
#b04scf
#d98dsc
#tsgbsc
#agrar
#umweltve bände
#verkehrs
#skolan
#skolen
#israelkritik
#muslimbruder chaft
#nahostpolitik
#bleib r cht
#gesche n
# ch nkenwirheu
#verhaftungen
#datteltäter
#müller
#saws nchebli
#monarchie
#globalconversation
#s reit
#studie
#россия
#deutschlandistbunt
#d mokratiebrauchtdich
# i sionimpossible
#freethemall
#gehalt
#geschichte
#grillo
#heiland
#holdirdeinlandzuruck
#ilikelink
#interessante
#islamistischen
#jemen
#migrations intergrund#juma
#schengen
#tedesco
#keine
#kli agerechtigkeit
#klöckner
#kzs
#name
#wiesnwache
#lunge
#manager
#stich
#munafiq
#murders
#ostkreuz
#p lamentarisch
#platz
#ausland
#klasse8
#politikfür nfänger
#unbekannte
#politikerbefragu g
#rape
#swedish
#wa le tscheidung
#motiv
#wahlpartystillleb
#wart nwirnichtläng r
#wdp
#schad
#cia
#wt
#daten#musli republik
#dreikampf
#kritik
#stabilität
#prognose
#ostdeutschland
#ard
#zdf
#bundestagswahlen
#wiegehtsdeutschland
#tagesschau
#gez
#slomka
#sciencefiles
#will
#politbarometers
#lügenpresse
#weimarreloaded
#gezluegen#hochrechnung
#medien
#rtl
#regime
#mdr
#jörgschönenborn
#igmedien
#muslim
#hermann#flash
#sat1
#journalismus#kauder
#breitscheidplatz
#kl ber#terrorismus
#jetzteinschalten
#spiegel
#magdeburg
#schwesigs
#belowthelin
#propaganda
#rundfunkb trag#wahlprog os
#br
#bun esvorsitzenden
#swr
#teilen
#f
#li ks
#auenland
#fakenewsard#honecker
#sta tsferne en
#st simethoden
#focus
#gehirnwäsche
#tools #verifikation
#populismus
#beitragsservice
#euronews
#wählengähn
#islammutti
#muttii lam
#ntv
#staatsmedien
#zk#afck e #hr
#versprecher
#barcelon
#bashing
#germania ta
#gerechtigkeitimsinn#prognosi#degeto
#sch ubles
#schönenborn
#st r
#wahlsendungen
#amri
#gegenrechts
#schauhin
#bot
#breaking
#russian
#germanydecides
#germany
#russia
#putinatwar
#democracies
#germanelection
#trump
#angelamerkel
#wurzen0209
#germanyelection
#allemagne
#partei
# ألمانيا_تختار
#ampelmännchen
#r p
#brexit
#election#govote
#video
#jermanmemilih
#γερμανικεςεκλογες#tschechien#turkey
#sisi
#electionwatch
#europe
#askdw
#elezionigermania
#germania
#salafascist#putin
#schäuble
#zeit
#germanyelectio s
#feminism
#deutscher
#stopmerkel
#elections2017
#ujerumaniyaamua
#german#exitpolls#hartziv
#internet
#dierechte
#g genafd
#gerv tes #tyskvalg# ميركل
# ألمانيا
#rep
#socialmedia#elections
#g habwä l#refugees#lesbos
# أخبار_الآن
#grossekoalition
#nazar ni
#franceinfo
#nordkore
#brain
#future
#useyourpowers
#katalonien
#wahlaufruf
#jugendpolitik
#kei eafd
#87percent
#électionsde2017
#amis
#funny
#actualité
#élections
#electio s llemandes
#verts
#bundespräsident
#stein i r
#election2017
#ww2
#russland
#equality#preside t#socialbots
#kremlingate
#pemilujerman# شولتس
#dresde
#electionday
#noplaceforhate
#democracy
#eurozone
#china
#jugendverbände
#federalelection#greece
#vorbei
#poll
#rcsafcn
#assesrfc
#senatoriales2017
#wehrhaftedemokratie
#hoffnung#allianz
#k inarschfürdeu schland
#eugh
#fifa
#pirat
#saarlouis
#saarland
#linksunte
#choice
#dkpol
#dkbiz
#extremismus
#fucknpd
#la g eitarbeitslosig eit
#homburg
#kimjongun
#packmas
#angst
#bericht
#bundestagw hl2017
#keine azis
#lautgegennazis
#ndvsmsu
#godawgs
#farright#journéemondialede sourds
#elezionitedesche
#religionofpeace
#flüchtling
#flüchtlingsflut
#richter
#syr r
#bbcsp
#existenzminimum
#selbstständige
#ihabamir
#monaco
#afdneind nke#probleme
#verschwiegen
#syria
#wendel
#yougov
#ecb
#sorbonne
#allemands
#atom
#nuclearweaponsban
#deutschebank
#incırlık
#volkswagen #cdude tschland
#d sda
# lezioni
#hackerangriff
#fifa18
#fifamobile
#fukushima
# egenrassismus
#parliame t
#giovannidilorenzo
#ambiente
#coal
#germanyfirst
#lol
#raute
#polco
#німеччинавибирає
#waehlemitherzundverstand
#growth
#investm nt
#anarchyinthebrd
#tuttobloccat
#anstand
#antifaterrorists#bundespraesident
#rakete
#sü korea
#wasserst ffbombe
#climatechange
#mad
#botspot
#environment
#falschna hr chten
#tagessätz n#lcfcvslfc#forbundsdag n
#notjustsad
#germanliterature
#education
#germanyvotes
#d bate
#hack rs
#inauguration
#juniorwahl
#mar thonberlin
#saarbrücken
#verdenifølgegram#360video
#adf
#aekoly
#altleft
#farage
#jesus
#off nheit
#b6112
#bexbach
#boom
#brddr
# olksbuehne#hatecrime
#racehate #bwt17
#sdp #chile
#renewables #resistance
#standup
#deutschsprachigeliteratur
#dkp
#ichwähledkp
#keinruh geshint rl
#energy
#fuckyou fd
#chemical ttack
#germaniadeci e
#fascism
#nuclearban
#democr cysausage
#campaig
#la gz itarbeit lose
#heusweiler
# ollnag l#kmu #esd
#leave
#rrg
#microtargeting
#stopracism
#oberthal
#mass nmörder
#r ntenversicherungspflicht#schwalbach
#vb6112
#w hlsieg rin # المانيا_تختار#sfp ct
# kmedier
#off nburg
#freiewähler
#anstaendigealternative
#ltwnds
#anständigeal ernative#freuland#pflege
#iaa#iaa2017
#jedestimmezählt
#aiwanger
#vorsorge
#sozial
#globuli
#homöopathie
#naturheilkunde
#therapiefreiheit
#jugend
#keinrassismus
#jungepflege
#familie#freiewaehler
#sozialstaat
#goewahl17
#firstdayoffall
#beruf
#gegendasvergesse
#lü eburg
#iaame se
#lobbyis us
#briefwähler
#göttingen#helmstedt
#regierungskoalition
#aurich
#oldenburg
#rotenburg
#uelze
#verden#ceta
#kita
#cuxh ven#hildesheim
#osterholz
#wesermarsch
#emden
#harbu g
#holzmind n
#nienburg
#vechta
#wolfsburg#ammerland
#gifhorn
#le r
#lkoldenburg#osna rück
#s lz itter
#stade
#alleinerziehende
#earthquake
#hu i anemaria
#pankow#illertisse#ttip
#ltwnd
#fc wob
#mittelstand#iaa17
#bv w
#floraki z#vol sabstimmungen#road2berlin
#7schwaben#toler nz
#europ check
#kind rarm t
#wahlcheck17
#wahlwunsch
#w atsapp#l ndtags hl
#prenzlau rberg#gagafiv foottwo
#toomuchtoask
#kra k nhaus
#wolfenbütt l
#abgeordnet n
#fr ktionszwang
#bundesleserkonferenz
#business
#cetastoppen
#erdgas#automi gas#leyen
#pflegestreik
#tzdf
#un nehmertum
#positionspapier
#finalrunde
#güntzler#tisa
#adfc
#co ruption# ie ns ä digealternative#fr ih nd lsabkomme
#emmys2017
#altenhei
#niederschönhause
#h llepanke
#paym ts
#pflegek äfte
#pfle notsta d
#radv rkehr#but 2017
#berlin
#hamburg
#wk75
#mitte
#b2409
#berlinmitte
#frankfurt
#dresden
#köln
#alexanderplatz
#r2g
#filzfrei#korruptionsfrei
#bild
#düsseldorf
#unbestechlich
#münchen
#pegida
#wagenknecht
#bartsch
#leipzig#gysi
#mietenpolitik
#gruenen
#goeringeckardt
#oezdemir#claudiaroth
#roth
#hh2409
#le2409
#schwesig#einz lfall
#briefwahl
#terroranschlag
#koeln2409
#muc2409
#dd2409
#dus2409
#oppermann
#kipping
#nika
#dreyer
#malu
#dd2509
#kuenast
#wahlbeobachtung
#wirzählenmit
#w ndejahr17
#munich
#duesseldorf
#turnout
#terroristen
#stuttgart
#connewitz
#hhbue
#koeln#film
#ref geesw lcome
#alex
#btw17ffm
#bgs
#angela
#g20
#jod l
# nbestlich
#erstegedanken
#nazisimbundestag
#gruppenvergewaltigung
#wiesn
#aufdiestraße
#mythbuster
#c emnitz
#wahlrunde
#ndr
#kundgebung
#b0909
#wfd
#einewoche
#heidenau
#live
#neukoelln#μέρκελ
#pberg
#echt rwahrerheld#jetzterstrecht
#linksextremen
#publicviewi g
#tegel
#alerta
#keinfussbreit
#wahllokale
#livestrea#wahlzettel#schule
#lgbtiq#wahlstudie
#handelsblatt
#neindoch h
#venezuela
#lichtenberg
#g slar
#σουλτς
#sonntagsfrage
#nonazishh
#briefwahl2017#sdchh
#erststi men
#heil
#wehretdenanfä gen
#soundcheck
#txl
#fake
#alm ny nın
#terör
#wahlplakat
#cdumandatabnehmen
#leipzigwirdrot
#kahrs
#persönlich
#wohnsitz
#rath us
#bereicherung
#schubsen
#messerstadt
#noafdhh
#muenchen
#meme
#l 2109#ulm
#zakk
#timelessschöneberg
#zw itstimmen
#alster #at ntic
#freecontent#kurswechsel#schwabing# eukö ln
#rotrotgrün
#sternschanze
#königstein
#sebnitz
#sächsischeschweiz#wesenitztal
#liho
# rger
#isis
#mahe
#marzahn
#landkreis
#politrend
#rp
#s ahn
#tegelschliessen
#oktoberfest2017
#gärtn rplatz
#grunewald
#ki zhausen
#neuhohenschönhausen
#bouffier
#m tludirekt
#btwffm17
#staats ropaganda
#stpauli
#lindencent r
#meldungen
#t omalla
#wahlkampfautakt
#neu srathaus
#kreuz
#pätzold#wertvolleralsgold
#g isel
#n wyork
#mauermord
#fas
#roadtrip#fedidwsdumnl
#i iti tive
#havemanncenter#symbolw hl#proteste
# ageswahlb teiligung
#buckow
#wk8
#riexin er
#folklore#berlinanschlag
#londonattack#marat on#parisattack
#spandau
#b andenburghavel
#stimmzette n
#zxrxfest
#folter
#k inebremsen
#dügida
#erdogangonewild#ergebni se
# dj
#champus#l gida
#altona
#riss n #jungeökologen
#merkeltrump
#polizeirassismus
#schulzexpress
#rudelgucken
#thanks#ftw
# ltona93
#rlnord
#par y
#ab ch m#dielin ealiassed
#gy i tasi
#i gregorgysi
#m infrankfurt
#notoracis#follow rpower
#u terri tsmaterial
#wahlspezial
#dissiden en
#wilhelmleuschnerplatz
#allgäu#auslandsdeutsche
#flugh fen
#h m elburg
#lankwitz
#n
#somu c
#strausb rg
#trier
#so ntaghabichwasbesseresvor
#tokyokl ssenfahrt17
#connewit rkr uz
#erstimmen
#ffm
#jihadijulian
#kölnhbf
#lat rne
#straßenlaterne
#nein #umfrage_zeit
#verdi
#stalinistin
# eltk iegsbo b
#alevitische
#aust usc
#harzerwähl n
#orchestra
#symphony
#unverzichtbaren
#bezir e
#newsletter
#ausla ddeu scher
#briefkasten
#erkrath
#etten im
#post
#differenz
#eulenspiegel
#connichi
#lügenmedien
#staatstv
#hafe city
#vrt ws
# ellersdorf
#humbol t ain
#kienb rg#tiergart
# esist
#sge
#cha lottenburg
#stadt#vertraukeinemplakat
#v lkse tschei en
#delmenhorst
#moabit
#dd1809
#dielinkev bot
#ditisb rlin
#rekord
#linkemahe
#taketheknee
#steelcityderby#lab17#balvsjax
#nfluk
#nygvsphi
#mexicotequiero
#sundaymorning
#marr
#freepiolin
#worlds2017
#berlinmarathon
#countryfile
#antiquesroadshow
#texans
#sntepormexico
#sismo
#sampdoria ila
#asamblea24s
#おんな城主直虎
#felizdomingo#bergen2017
#bears
#xfactor
#theresi tance
# كل_قطر_تستقبل_تميم
#te nwolffinale
#peston
#goldstarmothersday# الوطنيه_ليست_بالمعاصي
#enbuenchileno
#book
#chat
#quran
#dubvmay
#iaymh2017#ladiesallireland
#12eylül
#9eylül
#buraközçivitsizcey kışıklı ı
#zekimüren
#fakedemokratie
#tires#lavercup
#w hlbusse#niemcywybierają
#jagleg#masterchefth ila d
#jaguars
#bhafc
#garden#ideas#ber
#ajavit
#baby#crochet
#exo
#bts# aharawalr tans ngh
#voguewomenoftheyear
#istandwithbhu
#klr17
#tr dnl
#presselogen
#atatürkvatandıır
#bulbs
#car
#cgn
#ravens
#supportsmallstreamers
#creative
#designs
#diy
#dubai
#henna
#light
#miracle
#bhanew
#tattoos
#wedd ng
#white#poncho
#kids
#old
#recycled
#takeaknee
#ümmetinumudumehdi
#dafürdich#gunsnrosesnomultishow
#kirkuk
#astron uts
#aragongp
#getaf villarreal
#flyeaglesfly
#sa v dos1oct
#mächte#wahlsab tag#goodsunday
#digivate
#missleba on2017
#steviewonder
#iheartfestival#thevoicenigeria
#wahlteilnahme
#amazing #b
#recycle#reuse
#amjoy#archit ctur
# rt# sambl#a t#girl#mehndi
#おんな城#awesome
#finger
#booti s
#mermaid
#project
#sw ater
#t il
#b ckyard
#budget
#crafts#fun#decoration
#tutori l
#girls
#washing
#newbor#p ke fury
#thala#tiny
#used
#vejleb
#africa
# سنابات_سعد_الكلثم
#berlinmarathon2017
#engvwi#st lers
#komi_s om_klassou
#tbvs in
#seavsten#goldstuecke
# notherlight
#랜덤식이름짓기
#handm d hour
#upfight
#ilumitu prev jaseeu
#int rgenoa
# cd
#kurdistanr ferendum
#maga
#t umprussia
#women
#nflnaespn
#rt당_공개
#sh risback#my trasalefi le
#wetteronl ne
#wahlergebnisse
#mil cyrus
#milik #santé
#vegan#bio#madeinfrance#ventreplat
# سنابات_صالح_القحطاني
#cafcl
#ch ge_up
#c mpn u60
#enacion l
# orfitelefe#moringa# oirall y
# esonzcn
#omtf
# ahawks
#serverprobleme
#s xygirl #modelfitness
#sexymodel
#sex lin ri
#shinewalk
# ufc
# el foot
#wetterberli
#terrorm ta
#domingodetr mu as v#patri ts
#wahlm rathon
#afd
#traudichdeutschla d
#noafd#nichtmeinekanzleri
#gehwählen
#nrw
#merkelmussweg
#wahlkampf
#afdwaehlen#holdirdeinlandzurueck
#gehtwaehlen
#weidel
#bundestag
#gehwaehlen
#wahlbeobachter
#gauland
#noch15tage
#nichtmeinspiegel
#noch16tage#fckafd
#mutzurwahrheit
#wahlbetrug
#lügenspiegel
#schick alswahl
#sonntag
#sachsen#reconquista
#afdwählen
#ichwillmeinl ndzurück
#noch14tage
#holdirdeinlandzurück
#fcknzs
#nonazis
#hartaberfair
#darumafd
#münster
#wendewahl
#antifa
#bundest gst gswahl2017#freenikolai#grueneversenken
#wahllokal
#wahlarena#teamafd#projekt18
#wahltagistzahltag#klartext
#deshalbafd
#deutschland2017#zensur
#eidbrecheri
#justiz
#seibt #n zis
#wählengeh n#traudichdeutschand#sc lussrunde
#famili nnachzug
#rostock
#адг
#fuckniggers
#mv
#petry
#afdversenken#wiegehtsd
#esistzeit
#dortmund
#krefeld#po genburg
#gezbeukott
87prozent
#wahlbeteiligung
# itmir90prozent
#gerwomany
#remigration
#wa hlengegenrechts
#wahltag
#sömmerda
#toxischenarrative
#machdeinkreuz
# och5t g#meuth n#linkspartei
#waehlengehen
#isl mi ierun
#pietsch
#ve fassun sschutz
#welt
#linksextremismus
#noch6tage
#noch2tage
#patriot
#s04vfb
#aliceweid l
#heuteshow
#northeim
#wähleafd
#fcknazis
#kaltland
#erfurt
thorst schulte
#gütersloh
# 24
#buntevielfalt
#demagbo
#hö ke
#email
#wirwaehlenafd
#bscsvw
#afdverhind rn#ober ausen
#colog e
#dasmitmedien
#notwehr
#thread
#auszählung
#opposition
#blauenazis
#nocdu#pistorius
#ausch itz
#nazi
#nocsu#ueberwachung
#fr ital
# ind strasse
#m us erut c t
#kath lisch
#bautzen
#afdst ppen
#hasshilft
#fak news
#män er
#ichwaehleafd
#afddichwählichnich
#gehtwählen#aufschrei
#fpoe
#exitpoll
#h96
#ni malsallein
#bitterfeld
#linksra ik le
#rassisten
#rechtspopulismus
#jetzt
# uitsl ndkiest
#linksterrorism s
#ja #rus la ddeutsche
#s dmussweg#nicht ehl r
#noch10t ge
#wechselwähler
#duell
#s04
#jungealter ative
#lamp dus
#netzf nd
#ramadan
#msm
#neverforget
#demokraten
#n ch4tage
#wahlparty
#bullshitbingo
#fachkra fte#gratulation
#asylchaos
#dpar port r
#imadkarim
#kreuze
#rec tsr ck#widerstand
#spdversenken
#istzu tand
#ib
#ltnrw
#friedman
#r chtsrutsch
#saalfeld
# ählengegenrechts
#arppe
#prost
#gör itz
#kackbraun
#waehlen #wehrmacht
#mazyek#presseclub
#bundestag wa lkampf#meißen
#bushido
#so#kehl
#taliban#buzzf ed
# i
#wahlp rt itag
#wir henwaehlen
#nannymedien
#tegeloffen alten
#weidelgate#aktenzeichenxy#springer
#msf
#bochum
#v rleumdungskampagne
#fdpsprüche
#lügel
#je iki
#rosenheim
# k lhafd
#diepholz
#mainz
#noantifa
#siegen
#ahaus#anime ight
#dank antif
#biel feld
#deusvult
#nohate
#proeu
#schreiber
#wdr
#abm rk l
#di debatt
#lebensarbeitszeit
#nationalismus#rente kürzungen#sexcrime
#whothefuckis lice
#volkerbeck#europa2017
#bre en
# iteinand rr de#sch a z so nt
#wahlokal
#helferich#ltwnrw
#merkeld utschl nd
#türke
#p riscope#frundsb rg
#wahlwerbung
#degg nd rf
#nofacism
#traudich
# rinnernwiru s
#faz
#r fug esn tw lcome#dssq #noislam
#sogehtsächsisch
#nazisraus
#j1209
#m 1209
#geistigeumn chtung
#soe t
# lite#gebo
#herzstatthas
#vogtla d
#tok m
#integratio
#b04 sv
#spdprojekt18
#hannover
#keinealt rna ive
#lippst dt
#noch7tage
m kegermanygr atagain
#skyel
#d rfchemnitz
#fuckafd
#sti m n
#mutzurmordphantasi
#noch9tage
#brück
#pun
#l nk wä l n#t tort
#ries r nte
#zahlt g
#bunde tagwahl
#reichstag
#chebli
#politikversagen
#russe
#adorf
#trittin
#hack r
#halteth mb r sauber
#duha tdiew hl2017#oppositionsführer#lamme t
#maxotte#n r cism
#vaterland
#leverkusen
#noch8t ge
#reformislam
#haan
#herzogenrath
#hetze
#otte
#sc icksenw hl
#afdder
#zeitfürveränderung
#widerstandjetzt
#stimmzettel
#band let
#bosbach
#dudw# ndspurt
#vot
#grenzsc tz
lu genpresse
#dre denii
#od nthal#rbk
#rheinischbergischerkreis
#sagnei#hoecke
#afdköln
#pvv
#schande#wutbürg
#aliceweid lgeru cht
#nieuwsuur
#tortal rkrieg
#populist #rt
#öttinger
#afdno#bes rgt bürg r
#fdpmu sweg
#mittelsachsen
#berlinerr nd#nich afd
#kr uz en
#noh8#weimar
#duh stdi wah
#fr ee rop
# ürkenfeinde
#altpart ientränen
#arsch
#derislam hoertnichtzude tschland
#li kskurs
#for lice#spontandemo
#de tschlandreis#stimm
#weltwahlchat
#k aft
#mas neinwa derun
#kl fue uns rla d
#sozialwoh ungen
#nonzs
#fucknazis
#merkelwegpfeifen
#tr vestiefürdeutschland
#tf
#nosp
#wahl och#wirwählen
#bunt wahl #bt 17t
#jena
#luegenspi gel
#arbeiter
#arn dorframelüri gen
#t ermili ner
#fickteuch#j stimm zaehlt
#thüringen
#pudel ohl
#danke
#de izière
#ls
#mimimi
#s ormar
#altern tiv fürd
#b rbara
#betweenbridges
#bocfci
#defendeuropa
#die lbeiun
#fackjur c ts
#bi s17#in lt
#nonpd
#stau
#verpackung
#vo e2017
#warum
# usgrue den
#dank polizeitag#im rb auner
kotz
#lügner
#nog20
#sexismus
#unwählbar
#verra terd ell
#wtf
#spam
#caffeewerkst tt
#dfb
#ně cko
#osnabrücker
#velb rt
#5prozent ürde
#hayir fd
#a esdeutschland
#c ulügt
#euskirchen
#lgbt
# ktob fest
#st uer
#steuer eldverschwendung
#traudich euschland
#volkspfoste
#wiesn2017
#wirrockendeutschla d
#dop
#klingonenwürdenpirat nwaehlen
#weild i stim ezählt
#kanzlerdämmerung#keinkr u fü nazis
#neinzurafd#nikanrw
#wachau
#savet e t
#syst mfehler
#tillmann
#volksv etzung
#wähleklug
# ank merk l
#dw
#ga hnofthrones
#lesepflicht
# sdap
# ppositionspa i
#tsgscb
#vanderleyen
#volksverhetz r
# ahl r
#wyboryw i mczech
#anhalt
#fussball
#undemokrati
#bunde trulla
#chorweiler# tist
#apo
#d i estimm zaehlt
#gma
# sv
#katze
#letsw w
#ludwigsburg
#n uenazisv r i de n
#keinhass
#noafdflyer
pfeifen walde
#plau n
#pocher
russen
#rie #schicksahlswahl
#usk #eintritt
#al rn tivefür eutschland
#fckafa
#ger anvote
# st ie rkelsc onweg
#left
#oppa
#pornopar i
#roteflora
#ther omix
#a haltwähl ziegler
#bt hb
#gegen
#plen r l
#ch mtrails#drache lord#dsxn
#du m
#em örungen
#bots
#noch11tage
#noch12tage
#r gierungs rit k
#payp l
#afdwahlpa ty
#berlino
#di r nteistsicher
#eh fuer lle
#fpö
#halal
#hilfe #k rwoche
#ko her
#noch13tag#noch1tag
#tr udichdeuts l d
#wirsinddasvolk
#wolf
# lite
#g ndhi#volk auf
# h issew rschoni merbraun
#bitt
#hesse wählt
#walterwaehlt
#zeitfürde w chsel
#g ra
#op rfest
#grokoverhi dern
#j m kaverhindern
#lobbyisten
#barth
#reinsb rg
#t gd spositivendenkens
#ta ermü e
#unfas ba
#zerstörungstattargument
#2xafd
# ntir p r
#demd utschenvolke
#dienachric t n
#du kelde tschland
#eid
#einhei sp i
#f95
#fa is u
h ckersfarmk p
#s04fcb
#schäc tverbot
#w idelleaving ings
# f ichwa hlichnicht
#a t r tivefi td utschland#mosk u
#dafür
#dubistent ch i nd
#eidbruch
findedenfehler
#f
#gehafdwählen
#gehi
#e stwae l
#mitdir90proz n
#grokomus weg
#gue il a
#nichtm in mutti
#hasht gs atespee
#schla p
#sexattack n
#joerge
#l t eg nmerkel
# agwitz
#kultur#malch rek
#motorkopp
#nop gida
#off n ell ch ft#rayka d r
#linkemus w g
# t m abgabe
stopisl m#tagesgespraech
# erkelstoppen
#unna#afd_bund#afdwirkt
#al xa derg l d
#compact
#fb
#frisc g wählt
#historyrepeating#hoch chn
#madrid
# age ur
# ooi dag
#nie ieder
#s werin
#w h k mpfabschluss
#asy kriminalität
#banisl m
# eidestim e fuerdieafd
#berndhöcke
#botnetz
#d pressio
# li fri
# ur uc u g
#ekelhaften zis
#ent orgen
# uropas
#v ranstaltung
#fcknpd
#f minismo
#voted
#noch3tage gewaehlt
#goeth
#jetz
#hove jürgen
#ichb n1dersicht au#la d g #learnings
#l pen
#lillyliv
#manipul tionsverdacht
#sporthalle
#merkell go
#deuts n stolzdrauf
#neu r# ic tm ineschulz
#keinestimmefuernazis
#rechts
#recht populiste#r ssenh ker
#maizièr
#anz ige
#st inbach#stopr f ge s
#afd_support
#v rale g f ld
#digit l ahl
# e erbahn
#dsj
#5t ge5fak
afdentsor n
#afd atchawaydays #br itbart
#bu destagnazifrei
#compacto line
#dopp lmo a
#entschlo senh it
#fail ds te#jew iki
#klei r5
#m rkelraus
# ltikulti
#nazif ei
#naziwatchgoe
#nepasrire
#ukip# fdimbu de tag#afdwaehler
afdwitz
#afg an
#ak el
#epds
#alt eier
#a archist
#prot stors
# omi e
#btw7
#kabi ettstisch
#bunde tagswahl201
#bundesschw chma n nnung
#dbk
#demo ratische ultr
#erfolg
#deu chla dzuerst
# gestein
#de okratischediktatur
#handlungsb darf
#wegdamit
#ekd
#es l
extrad nk #fackjugo ht
#istwichtig
#fu kracis
lo at
#verbr ch rn
#wahlpla t fromhell
#gut morg n#afg anis an
#harz
#heiko
#he thawählt
#h hoh
# tz r
#hl
#holm
#internationales#sitze
#katast oph n#le enswerter#m k ger nysav gain
#merkelcd
# ichtsgerlernt
#m rcuse
#r cht rt rr r
nig lfar g
# u rnb rg
#tierqual
#ost n
#p esseschau
#re ev rbot
#slf2409
#saxo y
# p r r
#özuguz
#s t funk
#stolp r tei
#system
#traurigdeuts hland#wahlde
#dokth
#wahlkampfar a
# en b rlin#zielplus
#r chtsruck toppen
#zeighaltu g#100prozent
#abschieb lfer
#88sitze
antiaf
#benim geln
#br un
#bra n sc iß
#bt g#dür n
# islebe
# nt orger
#fckantif
#hochrechn g2 #hoeckewatch#lgbtq
#linkeärsch
#merkeljagd
#merkelmussimm n ch eg
#mutzumkotz r mpf
#nord i
#nurso
# ein ich#putins
#quee o mu i y
#re lpolitik
schutzsuchenden
# quatd
# op f
#storch
#svp
#wa spot
#afdkandid t ncheck
#af le k
# f b
#dunk lb nt
#v r um t
#att ti nw r
#boehm r a n
#b rghain
#bo njourbe lin#bv
#bw#bürgerkri g
#dailysqu ak#s icksal squ ak#pl kat
#depp nl
# hasser
#yücel
bra nwars
#dortbu t
#dra hi
#durchhalt n
#endspi l
#erststimm inne kölln
#ze tfür
#i sashame
#nonazi
#tr dic d tsc
#frei ag
#hundekrawatt
# g s zi lekälte
#dogcont nt #gere tigk iti twählbar
#dasdile ntisch ett
#dla#p ivi g#z itfueri f
#g i samfu r inbunt land
# seyourv ic
#gotim
# auab
#e r spor
# i el
#ic wähle #kandid tencheck#kein n zisinde bu d stag
#la
#livetic
#lüge fresse
#markusfrohnm i r#m rkel b ähl n
# erk i tweg
#mgga
#neuk itzsch
# eu itgl dert ff n
#n ib
#nor cht
#r chtsextremi mus
#schockiert
#song
#w ll rsl ben
# ofd
#nouri
#thügi a
#ossis
#pforzh im
#pu kroc
#sucks n
#s lefaz
#wahlkam d
#silves r
#st d ntenr t
# r u# äglich
#vert idig
#von_ uße _einheg n_u _vo _i _a dünnen_joschka
#mak yourvo count
#vot v tevot
#wahlmanipulation#w hlhelfe in
#netz
#w hlkampfh lfer
#waz
#wk222#1live
#ab ebt
#eure
# r ff
#afa
#afdlügt
#af s2017
#anfa
#br vo
#b wa 17
#bu
#dir kted kratie
#east
#ei prozent
#f ssu g los
#fckib
#fernsehduell
#glückwu sch
#gut sch n
#ichwähl afd
#j gen
#ke n st m fürdie f
#k inplat fürrassismus
#kons nslethargie
#loc erup
#ltw16#m ssion ccompli hed
# o venpick
#mut urlücke# och21ta
#no ikale#osze
#pirn
#populi te
#pragmatism s #rechts xtre e
#r isewarnu
#sch ul
#sichtbar
#strat gi
# wed
#afdw lp tycrashen
#noafd_b
#afghane
#afp# k si u sn v au
#a icel vingthings
#alle
# olf nord
# n f s
#appenzell r
a b
#a s ründ n
#be gfest
#b rlin ru d
#besserohnem rk l
#bew g s#bi go
#blogg rfu rbtw
#bl moo
#borsigplatz
#b ckenb rg
#b 247
#möck ü l
# ürg rdialo
#c p kolumn
#cdugrün dp
#d in zuk nft
#mit chw hl#dennis ugust n
#batacl n
# rg bnissen
# ist iederda
#fachkraft
#fck
# i fach
i withstupid
#keinv geb nkeinve g sse
#ltw2017
#r hter and
#fckaf ähle
# r li d r
#flag z igen
#flüchtling lüg
#f it g b nd#m hrafrikanerfürdeutschl nd# ie
#ich h wae len# erk l chtmeinekanzlerin
#w w rs du
#g werk chaft
#gotv
# roßsp d r
# fui
#q alitätsjou n list
u iere
# e zk mp gnen#ge i lda eben
#i warwa hl
#kle new l
#nos aria
#deutschkurs
#zuwand r r
#ja o lf umerkel
#joerg choeneb r
#ki chgan
#u r d mokratiestärke
#wahlgang
#kl t xtf aumerkel
#kritikern
#l ndes ahl ei er
#lib ral l
#li be einest dt
#u v r il
# ist 8
# üg
# pö pel
#seiwähleri c
# bs
#me rbü gerb t ili ung
#mittwoch
#ndd
# ev ra in
#n wst am
#silve ter2016 #buntstattbraun
#ip on x
#la tg g nr c s
# ofa cis
#nol nk
#osc
#part i t y oy
#p triotis us
#zi ilco ge
#platon
#pleit
#p ay orgerma y
#ma c st r4 u
# topbrexit
#pr t st
#fvd
#que nb g
#rally4europe
#steu r el
#schlä r i
#s i ihrb s u rt
s o
#gutenmor giphy
#sozi lpolitik
# t ussh us
#tal s ow
#teufels r is#theg rd a
#tichys
#traffic
#ma wirselber#t e
# w ts
#töchter
#v i n
#v rb a ch r chutz
#wah pr gra m les
#wa serstr ße
# lk#wolf g illma s
#wor
# f bfucken
#wählt
# wei s i m grün
#g y
#he chl r#ni wi d spd
#noafd h
#n afd
#o cd
#pop ism
proaf
#provok t o
#wahlwatch
#zschäp #zörbig
#l nd
#r gebiet
#h rbstanfa g
#bzw17
#einman
# xp topatro um
#gehtni htwae l
#saynot n z s
# ai stre m
# ari elep
#mei vfl
#n tio ali m
#rec t
#ne nazi
#neverafd
#nicht
#nogr ko
#progr mm
#rig twing
#sc nap
#tsgf b
#u18w hl
#wehre d n fae gen
#abgeord t
#btw 3
#fina z eru g
#fu f ct
#h mos xu l e
#ich abe ic getraut
#mussma is e
#nazip rt i
#sit n
#skyonet
#ivot d
#i h ö ht i rn utr lbleib n
#cdu
#spd
#fdp#linke#grüne
#csu
#merkel
#piraten
#schulzdielink#martinschulzgru ne
#tvduell
#npd
#btw17countdown
diepartei
#lind er#fr udichaufsneuland
#illner#kanzlerd ell
annewill#linksfraktion
#sed
fed dwgugl
tü kei#deinewahl2017
#seehofer
aut
#strunz
elefante klo
#gi ßen#neul nd
martinmachts
#wahlsonntag
#fragen ief hlen
bildungleje tvkl rfürunserland
defendeurop
#dillenburg#groko
#verräterduell
#daru grün
#gehfailen
#grün
#b rlinerrunde#jamaik
#wirwa hlen
aischberger
gö i g ckardtsc ulzzu
ezb#el fantenrunde
volkse tscheidorba
migranten#un erstu tztmerkel
#wahlumfrage#blaueswu der# pon
jamaicanichtwählen
koalitionen
unionlanz#bay rn
diegrü en
poliz i
kenfm
#im igr tion
o
#gehwählen2017
#koblenz#obko2017
#kartell
m grationeu
w hler eb is#nati n
follow rie e#alt aier
m rkellandwi schaffendas
#bargeld
#bargeldobergr nze
d wu _d
#wahl rogramm
orf
#asylb w rberin#st rntv#d bl standards#z fmomaz fpolitb rometer
#wk182
rmi g m
al ma a
arbeitslose
st ti tik
bor spalmalte s rmut
b a de u g#wahlen2017
#grünev rs nk
flick
#keine azisimbu dest gschmerk l
#bt tr
#diegrue en
f il#oezugu
zuw nderung
fakt#asyl chenden
#supermartin
ü dnis90
gal
rieftvox17oberfr nk nflu ch li gen o iber lis us
to ga
pass u
boyko t
umfr gegr s
hbwahmuttimussnichtalleswissen
c v y_de
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pac
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szz itfü afdvicetwe tkanzlerie er
t a nderlat l f nl der
#a iebung
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wahlv r rec en
lat lyshowic a hl
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m r idrogenpolitik
sch öderzdf l
#e ro
l cciones
sa ir
# achtübernahme
chr ti nlindnerkubickican bi
nzl r
fluech l gskrise#esm
freu icha das eulandr schv u ll2017
undesk nzler
corbynmf
böhmerma nhögle
# b tz
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g tt nb rid h im
jungelib ra
nid
nl ndpshop
ultr s
herrma n
l
pd
hubertwa tn rn akt ellurospo layerisla ist yb ispostdemokratien uwa l
tvdduell
lic id llivgru e
elektro t
feddri wgugl
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wahln v
b rn m
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yo gov_ilov r
# i vi sp ech#sch z
zl k n i t
linusfoerster
m rtinischulz
v te et ezwitsch
bun sw hlko pass
korruption
o li
nie g i s
r en form
ltimahora
prot stpartei
tag th me#s phia homallagdr
xtra3
j n spa n
i sch llilik
v ar i
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rk l lz
tv ll17
btw17b
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flüchtlings ris
g m s
r dm
havella d#j ik ko litiokanzlerka idat
n f ag
pre
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ex
st
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tj ippin
flü ling politik
schulzfacts
tvdu l ess rmachenözd mi
#γερμανίαtr
schland
btw2017 ar# ch llaho p
m ie latz
st
fickil nten
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hill ry
g w ehlen
inst tut#romdeut chl n trend
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pri nitzchul litik
öglv d h a yiflücht t
hanf
zelaya
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m rw
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sca pi
nt suchu gsausschusssu avond rley nv rg ltigu g
vo lbeschäftigung
a1mobil
l ks d
fr nkfurt doder r
r ligi n#l na y l ndrut
wirfuerpe r
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p triot
pe iti
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g s
rk
wel h betisi rungsta
rdi af
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bn
ki l
dr2
cottbus
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p lit a m ter
erlínd it land
gr ß a ital
sonstig
g o d rbo se
hochd et ssey r ill rki p sseko ferenz
r rhaven# f eu
10 h u
s v ll
koalitio sp to igni z
ruppobe v l
#waldkirch
o batrh
sch ubl
p ojekt18der pdsig gab ielam
vot ikeapir teday
b i m nal anyai w lt
w o d rsch sj inga p l
b id ti encdu
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h il n
i r t kris
ch ckdiew hlspreen isse
i tri be
r la jetzt
wahl ech _el tintheroom
eva ö l
rtisi
gott 7
gr flamb orf
r tschm ni t t
la sitz
cht l r w rt
e li erg t nsch
mitläuf r
r cht
r # smar
sc lz ss eg
s zi l y t
i j r i rge ma y#glä swo zimmer
r i m
s21
d skanzl in
i tp ei br s
#wbh
#vo derleyen
zuk ftssicher
iwotimi
90grüs m
freih i fü b y n
regi r gsauft agng äsinu j h y ilef p rtyerr ti t b rtsch
po i ms isk ssi nl te
ob r pr waldri ek af
f i r t n
fe idigugbk
n ct1
fo u
alttäterp sta arty
ko li ion g spräche
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l strom
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m k chod rl
goinv sti
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t
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ksa
seig r ts
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s d i
p wliticsw lkamp 2017rts i
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rg any
r c i c rits ul g
f b y n
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p i nzurbildung
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r ubund r s eko ferenz
bünad au aus
i kt t
g split
h r oricdu
y r pd li _l k _tll c
h x_ e
a w
# r hofins hätzung
il tag
f s
s nu
fü s lfrau p i ik
gel
g l ction17
ö ck rdt
politischeverantwortung
k çl
kommentar
k vativ tatt echts
npcke sr oi d c
rk l
u g pfiffen# eindustri lisi u glead r f f e orldriesenpfei ko ze tire e g eule
t istili z
jngro o rx
m t l ark
rech sbruchgre z ffnu glafis e
schmid
g zi lg ch fürallei rbeit
sch o r
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ö
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ng h u r ichvo b rgv rl
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t l bbyb n
s ußto r
e k lfimc tconte t
di
k r fu
glyph sat
jungeunio
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ti rl i du u
cl u ru z
k f m
russ nstern
r _b
ci
o mdi lin _h# rac bootrennen
r burg rbucht
el p n thr p i
c ection
bund st gsfraktion
li t
rn
v l i gwähl n
fl ri car
20film
ro c k
#heikom as
lus iid bs r
l g li t
jö ß
link _ st r
cr
a _ r
d
nsch ähl aus
om 2017
gr zh id l u
k zl rschaft#rent i 70
r _
to fl e n
we t c v r tenortena
dpitt rle
röpcker saus utschland# al fi mus
so i
c oli i np
r nv rsifft
schulz ffw ilt a k l
r
# y
in t solidarität
ig
p litik d rs ach ns w l
100prom sch
d
efa
l
m rk lb
rweiler
a ti mok at
d n hl
antid ut ch# to lobby
ffe
a tobull hit
i ragild b r er
or r
lt
füreinep i ikfreivonhass
pira hlet ff i t w hl
yl e
fü n
h uj l g rv r r n
au ob h a t
h p ä iltwby
s i
i dym dia
_ i _d kl s
sp l nlii eews t
win g am
i i tig fr n
di l
ei v ti c
spiegeltv
# l til dysf nktiocle tenl is u g
sc tt k bi tt
vi w i
u glim
fjs
t t nwä l i stfr i
e lt h t i
w k
v
r t l
dg13g 2zi eig ck dt
l s ofortw g
i
ic de ts la d
i fl tio
h a jör s
ancol ik f g
zl a t
vi wg ld lag eudenken
bodensee
l ll
l sg
li d r
ö i
li
rw r
m r irtsc aft
at i ho h
mt17
ca ld 2
dopp lr t lbg ü
d blii s h a
i f chdr uf
ill l migrants
hl
ch
tipp u i iswa lsp ch
w
n s e
o worti o si e#pe _ t _ b
plas g
olit rin
p o7
rad l
61
r n ft
k kr uz
ss c d o a
solid ri a t z schlagdor i tg tä d i
kl p eiz s
st t nt
y pr ssheilb 90
r r no
vo l p i2017
untr
nf b i
v wä lkampf d urtt ch idgmi g uland
w lä er wählt u st
w lff
üb r l ung
w 56
ll lk
g b gb_ri i g r
lk gucken
b d i 90
g e
ti rz gewieltä d r
di __ rü
irsind i t am
h l g
g
m
w rts eu rsc rz
w üj i o t r
lasc tme l tga tmigstr f nt vin s
p i p d
zk2 7v r
r po y
rockn
bl
r f g r
rla v rräterstr f nz g
tv l
ist
r bt
d l
türkis h
#b2bmarketing
#tech
#brand
#entrepreneurs
#pytane
#startups
#gründer
#btw17ِ#freepiolinِ#takethekneeِ#bergen2017ِ
# كل_قطر_تستقبل_تميمِ #teenwolffinaleِ
#cleodesktop ِ
#lavercup ِ
#o tfcِ
#thevoicenigeriaِ
#bills ِ
#englandِ#cccagm17 ِ#cim17 ِ
#tcmparty ِ
#crcaq2017ِ
#piratenpartei#ludwigshafen
#infostand
#dueren
#wochen de
#frankenthal
#meerbusch
#spaß
#ökologisch
#ökonomisch
#demobewegt
#letsvote
#qualderwahl
#haltungstattherkunft#tokiohotel
#billkaulitz
#geor listin
#codedutr ail
#hongrie#pologne
#réfugiés
#zoneeuro
#edathy
#72hspd
#förster
#2xspd#csd
#essen
#gerechtist #zeitfuermartin
#jusos
#172lahndill
#dieschmidt
#tauss
#zeitfuermehrgerechtigkeit#einfachmachen
#zeitfuergerechtigkeit
#bestekandidatin
#ruhr
#zeitfürmartin
#rvo17
#herzstattraute#meineschule#zeitfürgerechtigkeit
#zeitfürmehrgerechtigkeit
#vollepullewahlkampf
#bunseskanzler#du#deubel
#fuss
#hartmann
#hinz #lopez
#erstesmal
#meinxfürrix
#sozipur#vöpel
#zeitfürdirk
#esiszeit
#frankjunge
#unserjungeinb rli
#flaschenpfandautomaten
#empfehlung
#kämpfen
#türzutür
#telekomwall
#ehrensache
#bemagenta
#telekombotschafter
#werkstolz
#lnp228#pcwahl
#lucassen
#ccc
#h cking
#mitglied
# eschäftsführer
#software
#voteit
#rlp#opensource
#trustmatters
#wahlsoftware
#hoa17
#ifa2017#langen
#de
#debakel
#wahlhack
#jürgenwiebicke
#konradweiß
#wem_geben_sie_ihre_stimme
#christelneudeck
#ulrichlilie
#ottmaredenhofer
#juttasundermann
#build
#website
#wordpress
#webdesign#uk
#london
#paris
#lyon
#sozialpartnerschaft
#tarifvertrag
#nr1
#beschäftigung
#wac stum
#nr2
#tarifbindung #claudiakleinert
#börse
#wetter
#irma
#flüchtlingen
#bka
#formel1
#macron
#gehnichtwaehlen
#ichliebedeutschland
#opferrolle
#demaiziere
#houston
#aktuellestunde
#usa
#harvey
#karriere
#libanon
#makler
#florida
#retweet
#win
#alternativefacts
#markuslanz
#gridgirls
#wahlcheck
#immovielien
#b96 #rbbabendschau
#international
#deutschehighheels
#alg2
#brd
#königswartha
#nachtm gazin
#vw
#schauer
#wolken
#kellerherne
#abendschau
#personalunion
#france
#anjakohl
#staatsschutz
#demokratia
#kaffeeundkuchen
#schleyer
#kommunen
#thfcbvb
#unwetter
#hurricans
#jose
#katia
#lidia
#nationalguard
#boden
#boycottthenfl
#clauserich#polizeisachs n
#südtirol
#kleinertclaudia
#pfirsich#anarchistischebuchmes#deutschefestungswerke
#dorotheeschneider
#lrem
#abwählen
#weinsteinsäure
#all
#berichtbka#kahn
#münchen2017
#rivlin
#bwl
#cobalt
#dieselaffäre
#eichsfeldrede
#francegermany
#ldkbautzen
#shaniatwain
#viagra
#drache
#godzilla
#willkommenskultur
#bermudashorts
#kamikaze
#n rdquakemexico
#stickstoff#zetsche
#contest
#lifei str nge
#lifeisstrangebef reth storm
#twitch
#gewinnspiel
#verlosung
#winning
#rr
#stadtentwicklung
#nachbarschaft
#italy #erreichbarkeit
#b satzungsm chtverteter
#defizit
#geschichtsbewusstsein
#frg
#herbstmode #hungersnot
#mariettaslomka
#janhofer
#schuhfetischisten#wahlkreise
#weltherrschaft
#winterkorn
#frankreich
#eurobonds
#stream
#streamer#wuali
#telefonsex
#nitrat
#grundwasser
#massentierhaltung
#antibiotika
#artensterben#talkshows
#nutztierhaltung
#deinewahl
#rente
#öpp
#bge
#zweitstimmebge
#anonymous
#deletetheelite
#hartz4
#lobbypolitik
#wahlomat
#dax
#eeg
#energiewende
#unseraufbruch2017
#grundeinkommen
#bundesregierung
#inklusion
#umwelt#natur#twitter
#lobby
#darumgruen
#diesel
#youporn
#meinewahl
#youtube
#grün
#pension
#dieselgate
#cumex
#verkehrswende
#parteienvergleich
#xweise
#rep st
#fw
#pbc
#tomaten
#parteien
#g bärdensprache
#zukunftwirdausmutgemacht
#faktenfinder#steuerzahler
#dieselskand l
#wahlprüfsteine
#renterauf
#bt #gewitter
#dobrindt
#facebook
#klimawandel
#responsive#heute
#wahlprogramme
#schulen
#ccs
#fracking
#uniklinik
#bonn
#wahlthema
#klima
#steffel#grundeinkommenistwählbar
#klim schutz
#mlpd
#nofilter
#reddit
#nwo
#polittalk17
#arbeit
#be ingungslosesgrundeinkommen
#bgewählen
#u18
#hartz#umweltbilanz
#anonymus
#automatisierung
#klimaflüchtlinge
#nachrichten
#republik
#öko
#sozialgipfel
#volkstrojaner
#barrierefreiheit
#bgepartei
#bündnisgrundeinkommen
#autoindustrie
#abgasskandal
#großveranstaltung #energie
#braunkohle
#kohleausstieg
#kohle
#erwerbsminderungsrente
#sonnenblume
#pannenbeseitigungsministerium
#kurdistan
#mayzek
#rentenniveau
#urne#wahlgemeinschaft
#bpb
#wahlomattour#bcs10
#nwnberlin
#bureg
#zukunftszeit
#fahrverbote
#rojava
#mindestlohn
#sozialversicherungspflicht
#renter
#rentner
#solidarrente
#deinwal
#dib
#assistenz
#bnd
#polen
#ungarn
#whistleblower
#sklavenmarkt
#ddbradio
#autofahr r
#dieselgipfel
#docgoy
#insektensterben
#klimakrise
#mobilität#likemedien
#mcdonalds
#pflp
#mo itor
#nichtmeingesetz
#bundesta swahl2018
#energieeffizienz#perspektive
#rent mussreichen
#gehproblemen
#scheinasylanten
#grütters
#vlog#btw17challenge
#atomaussti g
#terrororganis tio
#opendata
#degrowth
#r ten
#timeforchang#tempolimit
#husumw nd
#nemo#wärm wende
#künstlern
#verk hr #altersrechner
#windkraft#basic#income
#stahlaktionstag
#imf #iwf
#chatbots
#wahltraud
#zweitstimmegruen
#db
#deckel
#keinewahl
#energien #dgb
#brauchtbew gung
#funktion #herzenswahl
#lauterbach
#mehrdemokratie
#wahldiagnose
#politiker#röttgen
#scheinselbständigkeit
#trends
#agraromat#wahlswiper
#malkrampf
#swiper
#pre sesprecher
#agrarpolitik
#istehegal
#bien#blog1600penn
#wirtschaftswissen
#feinstaub
#iphonese
#pluralismus
#vscocam
#darmstadt
# ktien
#unserewahl
#deutsch umwelthilfe
#hendriks
#emobility#dobrindtversagt
#elektromobilität
#ökostrom#hr2
#en rgieeffizeinz
#zuckerberg
#frontal21
#gehörlose
#hhu
#industrie
#kapital#vote17
#wahlrechtsausschluss
#artenvielfalt
#linkesh#rüsselsheim
# usikomat
#musicislife
#nr7
#altersvorsorg
#digitalnatives
#stickoxide
#stophomophobia
#m rschall
#religionsgemeinschaften
#grenzwerte
#kr nkenversicherung
#s lbständige
#tiere
#ver ehrsmi ister
#fakt
#pascalmeiser
#allesaufrot
#xberg
#xhain
#sonntagskaffee
#respektwählen
#teamliebe
# oadf
#fgdafd#g schlechtergerechtigkeit
#deutschlandpassauf
#bbe
#dbv
#ufop
#vdb
#bioenergie
#biogas
#biomasse
#wahlabend
#fedidwdugl#spdwählen
#neubrandenburg
#roteswunder
#wahlkreis16
#roh gya
#myanmar
#h m ita an
#bangladesh
#rohingyacrisis
#puls4
#österreich
#nrw 7
#spö
#kurz
#orfsg17
#puls4news
#rbsfak
#övp
#echteliebe
#neunzehnnullneun#nurderbvb
#ynwa
#fussballundnazispasstnichtzusammen
#dielinkeberlin#berlintrend
#katina_schubert#rbb24
#udowolfmda
#herbst
#fall2017
#willkommenherbst
#herbst2017#wahlspaziergang
#rennsteig
#schmiedefeld
# erl#h rbst paziergang
#biotechnologie
#biotechagenda#mission
#amr #diagnostics
#curetis#i novation
#ziegler
#klepzig
#loth
#köthen
#anhaltbitterfeld
#bernburg
#politics
#marketing#smartcity
#r dio
#aldinativlos
#ooh
Figure 3: Thematic clusters based on hashtag co-occurrences during the last
four weeks before the German federal elections (layout: Voronoi treemap). Five
(5) strongest clusters are marked.
by the targeted use of hashtags. Hence, we can assume that similar topics are
tagged with similar hashtags, so that they form reliable clusters and can, thus,
be identified by a dedicated clustering algorithm. In other words, I focus on
repetitive patterns in the data and use their connectivity and the intensity of
co-occurrences as the only criteria for their belonging together and to identify
salient, most influential hashtags for each topic.14 The network data used in
the cluster analysis was created as described in the previous section.
The main findings of this analysis are presented in Figure 3 and Table 1. The
Voronoi layout used in Figure 3 visualises each cluster as a distinct region in
the graph. In order to improve the readability of the graph clusters having less
than five hashtags have been removed. One the one hand, we can rather easily
see how many clusters are in the data - the exact number of clusters (topics) is
58. On the other, it is rather easy to compare the sizes, that is the number of
hashtags, of different clusters (topics).
The results from the cluster analysis indicate that Twitter communication dur-
ing the last four weeks of the German federal elections 2017 revolved around
five main topics. A closer look to the hashtag structure brings up evidence
14Paranyushkin 2011; Shim et al. 2015
8
T
a
b
le
1
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:
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(5
)
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9
that the clusters are thematically distinct (Table 1). I have analysed the main
clusters and labelled each by an appropriate, descriptive label. The first and
largest topic consists of 1057 hashtags and has its clear focus on the Anti-Merkel
rhetoric of the right-wing populist party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD, Al-
ternative for Germany). The hashtags #merkelmussweg (Merkel must go) or
#nichtmeinekanzlerin (not my chancellor) are good examples of this anti-Merkel
communication. The two other hashtags #weidel and #gauland refer to the AfD
party leaders Alice Weidel and Alexander Gauland. It is, however, interesting
to note that there is a certain counter-argumentation present in this cluster,
manifested by the hashtags #noafd and #fckafd.
The second main cluster with 403 hashtags connects to discussions on the refugee
crisis. Here the most influential contextual hashtags include #islam, #flücht-
linge (refugees), #asyl (asylum) and #muslime (Muslims). This very much
reflects the mainstream of other public debates with a strong focus on Islam
and Muslims during the German federal elections. Further, the hashtags #ter-
ror (terror/ism), #sicherheit (security) and #europa (Europe) seem to reflect
the insecurity generated by different acts of terrorism in Europe after 2015.
The third topic with 286 hashtags earns the label `red & green', since the main
content seems to be connected to themes and questions tackled by the Left Party
(Die Linke) or the Greens (Die Grünen). This interpretation is also supported
by the fact, that the hashtag #r2g (red and/to green) is the most influential
hashtag in this cluster. Further, the hashtag #refugeeswelcome connects to a
slogan widely used by not only German, but also European left and green parties
during the refugee crisis. The hashtags #wagenknecht (Sahra Wagenknecht),
#gysi (Gregor Gysi), #bartsch (Dietmar Bartsch) and #kipping (Katja Kip-
ping) refer to top figures of the Left Party. We can also see references to the
G20 Hamburg Summit (#g20), as well to the Greens (#gruenen) among the
most influential hashtags in this cluster.
The fourth cluster with 230 hashtags is thematically connected to climate dis-
cussions. We should, however, keep in mind, that in 2017 the climate debate
had a different focus on intensity as it did in 2019 (see below). Although we can
identify references to climate change (#klimawandel), this topic seem to have to
main focus. First, the hashtags #dieselgate, #diesel and #dieselskandal refer
to a scandal dating back to 2015 as one of Germany's leading car manufacturer,
Volkswagen, confessed to have installed illegal software to manipulate emission
test results. The scandal quickly spread out to all leading German manufactur-
ers and resulted in overheated public debates not just in Germany, but also in
Europe and the USA.15
The last main topic with 180 hashtags is more general by nature. A closer ana-
lysis of the hashtags seem to allow the interpretation, that this cluster consists of
value-oriented discussions on democracy, freedom and liberty. I justify this in-
terpretation by highlighting hashtags like #demokratie (democracy), #freiheit
(freedom), #rettetdiegrundrechte (save the basic rights), #vielfalt (diversity)
or #gerechtigkeit (justice).
The previous analysis focused on the top discussions during the last four weeks.
As the results indicated the topics having dominated Twitter discussions well
15See https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/dieselgate-timeline-germanys-car-emissions-fraud-scandal
(last visited: 1 September, 2019)
10
Figure 4: TOP-15 hashtags on weekly basis during the last four weeks before
the German federal elections (tf-idf analysis).
reflected discussions on other media platforms. The round up the analysis I
present a weekly-based analysis focusing on top hashtags per week during the
last four weeks of the election campaign (Figure 4). As pointed out in the section
describing data and method, the td-idf method used for this analysis seek to
identify hashtags typical not for the whole period, but for each week instead.
The results from this weekly analysis indicate certain thematic shifts during
the last four weeks. In the first week (week 35/2017) the TV duel on Sunday,
3 September 2017, between Angela Merkel and Martin Schulz was clearly one
of the most discussed events. Once again, there were both positive/neutral
- #dastvduell - and negative - #verrräterduell (duel of betrayers), #ichwer-
denichtgucken (I won't watch) - hashtags connected to this discussion. In the
week 36/2017 the second TV, the so-called Fünfkampf (Battle of Five) between
the Liberals, the Bavarian CSU, The Left Party, The Greens and the AfD
(#5kampf, #fuenfkampf, #der5kampf) was this week's top theme16. Another
theme was the approaching election day, referred to with `countdown hashtags'
#noch16tage or #noch15tage (16/15 days left). The fact that the week 37/2017
did not have any leading public event is reflected by the top hashtags. In this
week the refugee debate gains a top position (#asylbewerberin - asylum seeker),
followed by hashtags most probably encouraging people to vote (#noch10tage
16https://www.daserste.de/information/politik-weltgeschehen/
bundestagswahl-2017/sendung/der-fuenfkampf-nach-dem-tv-duell-100.html (last visited:
1 September 2019)
11
- 10 days left, #wirwaehlen - we vote). The same applies to the election week
(38/2017), of which top hashtags more or less reflect general public debates
on other media platforms. The top hashtags including #berlinerrunde (Berlin
round) and #elefantenrunde (Round of the Elephants) refer to the TV debate
in the late evening on 24 September with high representatives of each seven
parties 17.
To sum up, the results presented in this subsection bring up support for the
assumption that political discussion on Twitter during the last four weeks of
the German federal elections in 2017 politicked and politicalised public debates
and discussions already present on different media platforms outside Twitter.
Further, the results are also positive for the selection of methods used in the ana-
lysis. Both the network-based cluster analysis and tf-idf method could bring up
interesting and reliable results. Used together the methods could not just shed
light on general topics during the analysis period, but also focus on thematic
changes in Twitter communication within the temporal framework.
3.2 European Elections 2019
Considering the European Parliamentary elections in 2019, three main topics
dominated the media landscape during the spring 2019. The first topic, which
was actually present also during the German federal elections in 2017, is the
refugee crisis. Despite the fact that the absolutely number of refugees coming
to Europe had remarkably dropped since 2015, the refugee question remained
in the core of public debates in Europe. In this debate the role of European
right-wing populist parties cannot be overestimated. The parties managed to
keep the refugee question - very often linked to debates on and around Islam -
on the top of public discussion both in traditional media, but especially in the
social media and other platforms in the Internet.
The second European core discussion revolved around `brexit', that the Great
Britain leaving the EU. Actually, according to the original roadmap the UK
should have left the EU on 29 March 2019. However, due to the chaotic political
process, the UK was granted extended deadlines, finally resulting in a situation
forcing the UK to participate in the European Parliamentary elections. This
created very severe tensions not only between the UK and the rest of the EU,
but also within the political landscape in the UK. It is worth being noted that
although the `brexit' referendum was held already in the summer of 2016, the
`brexit' question was also present during the German federal elections in 2017.
However, as we have seen in the previous section, `brexit' did not play any
remarkable role in Twitter communication during the German federal elections.
The third main topic was climate change, a topic that hit the European pub-
licity in October 2018 as the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) published its report demanding rapid and far-reaching changes in order
to avoid disastrous global warming. Similar to the refugee crisis, debates on
climate change quickly resulted in a strong polarisation in politics and society.
Especially younger people organised themselves in order to keep this topic on
top of political discussions. Maybe the most visible movement - `Fridays for
17https://www.daserste.de/information/politik-weltgeschehen/
bundestagswahl-2017/sendung/berliner-runde-132.html (last visited: 1 September
2019)
12
#smaireland#spinraza
#spinrazanow
#spinraza4ireland
#sma
#hustings
#britain
#ch4euask
#appeasement
#dhimmitude#euroelection#p oplesboycott
#evictthetoriesnow#mentalhealthawarenessweek
#trumpland
#thetruecostofbrexit
#hustingshighlights
#donate
#gofundme
#retweet
#aewdon
#giannis
#kylelowry#support
#derozan
#auob
#monacogp
#indy500
#win
#ajafey
#help #councilsalford
#eupovertyfree
#europeday19
#thitimeimvoting
#endpoverty
#hiddenpoverty
#aufdiestrasse
#chemnitz
#erzgebirge
#sachsen#dd1305
#dd2005#dresden
#pegida#görlitz
#cottbus
#culture
#language
#way
#trade
#negotiations
#food
#foodchain
#farm
#eec2019
#europ anproject
#reunaissance
#integration
#pluralism
#beekiller
#alllivesmatter#awp#stoplivetransport
#enoughisenough#wake_up_europe
#shybrexit
#tomorrowspaperstoday
#quote
#frontpages#eu19
#lucan
#apprenticeships
#honda#makersuk
#smmt
#students
#accesstotreatment
#patientempowerment
#cancerprevention#cancercontrol
#voteagainstcancer
#battersea
#tooting#putney
#wandsworth
#southfields
#dalebury
#brenda
#glenburnie
#langroyd
#kindness
#thursdaymotivation
#logo
#design
#thursdaymorning
#any
#corporate
#banner
#business#fiverr
#branding
#identity
#directors#entrepreneurs
#founders
#startups
#presentation
#5sos
#easier
#adelleandshaffieonkiss
#thesizzleonhot
#gig
#flyer
#brochure
#jeffersoncity#ktnpointblank
#tshirt
#ui_ux#professional
#vectortraci g
#angelinvestments
#finance
#intergroup#desing
#muslimsconnect
#thursdaywisdom
#ehic
#erasmusplus
#eusolidaritycorps#youthexchanges
#youthparticipation
#youthengagement
#yofest2019
#allfordemocracy
#europeanyouthweek
#discovereu
#euyouthstrategy
#myeuropemysay
#euyouthweek2019#projects
#youth mpowerem nt
#asociatiabeyou
#youthparticipaton
#myeuropemythrone
#26thmay
#groeiendverzet
#teamplanet
#voteawp
#animalpoliticseu
#worldbeeday
#seas
#oceans
#votes4animals
#bee
#oceanalert
#partianimaliste
#eupollin torsinitiative
#atalantalazio
#chilhavisto
#coppaitalia
#naruapelaeducação
#timcup
#todospelaeducação
#noneladurso
#decarbonising#eu2050
#grid
#publicacceptance
#securityofsupply
#interconnectors
#factchecking
#euopenscience#opendata
#openscience#edu
#medialiteracy
#ipbes7 #globalassessment
#niemehrcdu
#niemehrspd
#animalrights
#thereisnoplanetb
#vegan
#bees
#agriculture
#pesticides
#pesticidefree
#naturealert
#niemalsafd
#noalmaltratoanimal
#agroecology
#insects
#pollinators
#yourvote
#hormonedisruptors
#weekend
#energytransition
#citizens
#empowering#europeenes2019
#yesivote#allianz
#europeancommission#l w
#youthweek
#democracyandme
#futur ofeurope
#1000reasonstovote
#hub
#citoyens
#europeanunion
#eudialogues
#happeningnow#top10
#8may
#bik_yo th
#societyandme
#superpower
#votewallace1
#ecological
#changeiscoming
#may24th
#epasireland
#epambassadorschools#infringem nts
#authorsrights
#eescinfo
#voteat16#esc2019
#ruralyouth
#young
#europeanreformists
#womenonboard
#virtualexchanges
#weekinreview
#sexed
#cz
#at
#hu#pl
#sk
#emf
#gauss
#geohab19
#lf2019
#mspno
#юмор#hidden
#secret
#spy
#detect
#if
#magnetic#cctv
#etw4democracy
#collegejeanmoulin#iesbenalmádena
#etwin4democracy
#theetwinningmultiplyingeffect
#etwinningday
#bleupassport
#votevenzon
#literacymatters
#participation
#decent
#communities
#votevolt
#jetztbistdudran#stemvolt
#volt
#hydepark
#londoners
#speakerscorner
#23may2019
#espana
#zaventem
#socialequality
#sundaythoughts
#community#paneuropean
#votes#marcela2019
#votavolt
#askmeanything
#esc
#womenvotevolt
#dispose
#tabbed
#unbelievable
#relish
#view
#genoa#casapound
#genova#may23
#may23rd
#fascists
#bahriyanbu
#yemen
#babygifts
#funny
#newborn
#slogan#babyshower
#elezionieuropee
#europee2019
#maratonamentana
#unitedwestandstronger
#votepirate
#piratesvscorruption
#pirate
#stempiraat#pirates
#m5s
#järki
#petrus2019#lastcall
#piraten
#servicetweet
#lijst15
#vapaus
#euwomensmarchandfest
#italia#sayyestoeurope
#ilmiovotoha5stelle
#myvotehas5stars
#pekela
#ceep2019
#ppnl
#aigaio
#ευρωεκλογες
#ευρωεκλογες2019#ert
#ερτ
#article13
#article17#artikel13#artikel17
#pirateparty
#article11#saveyourinternet
#stopacta2
#savethelink#uploadfilter
#savetheinternet
#article15
#ar ikel11
#onlinefreedom
#artikel15
#niewiedercdu#urheberrechtsr form
#europawahl19
#freepress
#saveourdemocracy
#your
#thewall2020
#religions#christianity#capuk
#islamism
#netherlands
#immigrant
#politics
#localcouncil
#malta
#stemzeweg
#fvd
#nexit
#menl
#enf
#dutch
#emmanuelmacron
#nationalists
#russians
#french
#latvia
#vvd
#d66
#slovakia
#pvv
#cda
#inclusion
#honest
#open
#pvda
#cz chrepublic
#thehague
#cyprus
#eindhoven#czechia
#europeseverkiezingen
#babis
#f24europetour
#smer
#groenlinks #enddemand
#womenforeurope
#balancedeurope
#p v
#swexit
#gl
#europeforwomen
#australia#riga
#timmermans
#eppink
#marathon
#spreekjeuit
#g enzendicht
#youcantbewh tyoucantsee
#dexit
#elam
#womenswings#stemwijzer
#nederlan kiest
#socialpartners
#23mei
#bike
#holland
#turkish
#ano
#italian
#love
#unitedkingdom
#americans
#stemantieu
#italexit
#disy
#kibris
#utrecht
#exit
#accountable
#leadership
#talents
#getoverit
#today
#infographi
#devolution
#ipsos
#nogmaar1weektegaan
#spolu #vooreuropa
#voteout
#auxit
# zexit
#huxit
#ecofeminist#toxicfree#culemborg
#akel
#eveonline
#gaming#tweetfleet
#woenselwhat
#euparties
#klimaatv randering
#expeditiee
#ikstemdez eer
#kaaskop
#spaansefriezin
#leiderschap
#politiek
#stem
#maakhetverschil
#daphnec r an g lizia
#thierrybaudet
#stempvv
#stopdeeu
#noshame
#professor
#world
#populist
#slovaks
#think2030
#boston
#grantham#lincoln
#spalding
#lincolnshire
#cettefoisjevote
#dedataastavotez
#diesmalwähleich
#acpyouthtalk#diasporavote
#sharingi caring
#amritsar
#development
#nation
#votekarpunjab
#votinground7
#phase7#votekaro
#zagreb
#aal#beekeeper
#parents
#pet
#brewer
#votesnp
#activesnp
#scotlandsforeurope
#scotlandcan
#telleurfriend
#snp
#indyref2
#scotland#gotv
#votedsnp
#itstime
#fife
#glenrothes
#partick
#coatbridgesouth
#leven
#indyref
#wecan
#activemsp
#selkirk
#independence
#dissolvetheunion
#teamrensouth
#auobglasgow
#electionfraud
#tapsoan #pollingstation
#genderequality
#campaigning
#gallowgate
#scotref
#snpsignsquad
#closesofglasgowcentral#eastr
#edinburgh
#stirling
#glasgow
#stem4arina
#woman#kilbirnie
#fortwilliam
#toriesout
#sherkaleg
#dundee
#eucount
#pollingday
#sunshine
#heforshe #kelvindale
#kilwinning
#scotlandi urope
#sunnydundee
#social#nethergreen
#renf e
#bridgesforindy
#coatbridge
#imvotingsnp
#newprofilepic
#rt
#voteplaidcymru
#ducks
#fmqs
#holyrood
#pollok
#renfrewshiresouth
#inverness
#nivensknowe
#pentland
#snpcakes
#bonnyrigg
#dynamicduo
#independent
#ineu
#scotlandisforeurope
#renfrewshire
#stillyes
#f rryvillage
#ferguslie
#paisley
#dissolvetheukunion
#multilingual#dugsatpollingstations
#indydugs#hamilton
#usethe date#guys
#scotlandisnow#thistimeiamvoting
#neilston
#barrhead
#23rdmay
#coatbridgewest#germans ts
#voterid
#registered
#unabhängigkeit
#strathblane
#teamangus
#forsc land
#o yourfeetscotland
#revoketheactsofunion#dechmont
#euref2
#freebart ijman
#thornwood
#jamesiv#nothanks
#ivotedbrexitparty
#pollingcard
#referendums #beith#leavealightonforscotl nd
#torieslie
#nic lasturgeon
#yes
#westdunbartonshire
#activeysi #b ownandbus
#dumfries
#europskevolby
#euact
#mysmeeu
#slovensko
#tent razidemvolit
#futureprovespast
#factsmatter
#ge era electionnow
#happy10thbirthday#hull
# utl nder
#politicalparties
#roslin
#ruth rglen
#inverclyde
# np19
#snpconf19
#snpco ference
#zekerzijn
#torycut causepoverty
#torycutskill
#whitesbridge
#boschknows
#supersatur ay
#teampai ley
#anyonebutsnp
#bathg t
#cllr
#kilcoyne
#westport
#died
#tortured
#sundaypoliticsscotland
#dontjusttalkmaga
#drainthatswamp
#wakeup merica
#eastkilbride
#feministsinpolitics
#antidiscrimin tio
#share
#humans
#partybas d
#in y2
#auldallia ce
#i lovewitheurope
#news otland# cotlandineu
#l rgs
#laughcry
#parity#snpstreetsquad
#teamdennistounreunion
#toriesarefinished#westminister
#wethep ople
#climatechange
#activismworks#climatestrike
#fridaysforfuture
#votegreen2019
#greenwave
#brussels
#icanvote
#europeanparliament
#climateemergency#climateaction
#buyapap r
#votegreen
#choosehopeoverhate
#bristol
#greensurge
#voteforclimate
#freedomofmovement
#voteclimate
#voteecological
#brandenburggate
#berlin
#imwithher
#ivotenature
#eugreenweek
#cli ateactionnow
#fossilfree
#tourdemagid
#giftyourvot
#globalstrike
#climatechaos
#votechallenge
#climate
#schoolstrike4climate
#greeenwave
#lambeth
#choosehope
#biodiversity
#gretathunberg
#energy
#givethekidsyourvote
#europaverde
#asktheiiea
#fom
#tryth greens
#environment
#postalvote
#ourocean
#ourbluelung
#votemagid
#yorkshire#humber #future
#climatebreakdown
#d fendeurope
#rome
#fridaysforfurture
#york
#natur
#parentsforfuture #scientistsforfuture
#roadsafety
#fridays4future
#sustainable
#youthstrike4climate
#socialjustice
#sustainability
#makehistory
#health
# u4heal h
#pechakucha
#climateelection
#werun4health
#proudofmyvote
#brusselsterroristreservoir
#biodiversityday#baileyforeurope
#eus w19
#justvoted
#renewable#26m
#prachtwerk #falkirk
#emd2019
#13may
#m ral
#eubarometer
#extinctionrebellion
#sco tishborders
#farmers
#votafeminismo
#votaporfavor
#climateelections#votefeminism
#greenschangeeurope
#dinosaurparties
#estavezvoto
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#justtransition
#eubiodiversity
# ustainable griculture
#lobbying
#campaigns
#occupyeu
#plastic#equalrights
# bpes
#royalbaby
#blueeu
#polskabezwegla2030
#warsaw
#education
#milan
#strike4climate
#letswinthis
#breastcancer
#prev tion
#fossilfuels
#europeunited
#sdgs
#reelectmolly
#occupyforclimate
#rainbowwave
#seanad
#vot bailey1
#savetheplan t
#tv3
#tve
#profits
#folketsklimamarch
#ec logicalcollapse
#onehomeoneplanet
#sundaysforfuture
#h p n thate
#marlborough
#m bility
#inclusive
#wyboryeuropejskie2019
#cnooc
#votebailey
#westmidlands
#recycle
#bearforeu
#workersrights#globalclimat st ike
#stand4climate
#br #endcoal
#coun ilofeurope
#luxembo rg
#fir ttimevoters
#globaltransition
#pos rfree
#venice
#haveyoursay
#mes324
#te rabrexit
#activegreens
#aeur pewewant
#inequality
#amsterdam
#greenmeansgo
#b rg o
#bologna
#biking
#healthyecosystems
#resilientfoodsyste s
#energiewende
#ecol gicalbreakdown
#economic # asto
#eitcommunity#euinnovati n
# lectionp st rs
#pl sticcableties
#enlargement
# xitpolls
#systemchange
#f rtheplanet
#foreu
#east
#askmaggi
#gree revolution
#hanham#g utandvote
#scottishbychoice
#ireland4sdgs
#leadingthechange
#lithuania
#digital
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#nationalism
#n os
#paper
#paperfr
#plasticfree
#po ter
#rail #impact
#v lturefunds
#debt
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#ecology
#battl bike
#bradford
#cli atefrid yfaqs
#y urchoice
#votef rfuture
#alltalknosub tance
#whateverittake
#co
#corporations
#influence
#learning
#canvassing
#thurlowpark
#europe2020#exeter
#iftar
#stwerburghs
#lush
#lisb
#rules#stpauls
#transparency
#medicines
#faqs
#healthy
#br astcancerma ifesto
#care
#verdanty nk
#voteforthefuture
#climategeneration
#drl rnagold
#cr uch nd
#n8
#mad id
#cedmanifesto
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#icca2019
#gloucest rshire
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#oralh alth
#pa nt
#wellbeing4all
#bemoremartyn
#maastricht
#norwich
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#training
#wooferendum
#agricul ureatlas
#farms
#t fairtimes
#dubro nik#artemis
#bbcdn
#bonn ct4sdgs
#childabuse
#decarbo iz ti n
#votebrave
#aid
#wash
#carpoolk raok
#wwf
#climatestrikeireland
#collisioncourse
#democraticdeficit
#costs
# ntrepreneurial
#technologies
# lectricity
#infrastructure
#metz
#trier
#globalwarming
#imv tin gr en
#g ybbels
#lets cttogether
#library
#manel
# anifestoformobility
#msservicesgl bal
#myeuropeanmix
#nenagh
#dentalworkforce
#pat
#peopleavote
#referendum2019#saltaire
#slovakclimatecoalition
# ocent
#thunberg
#tradefairlivefair
#t llthetruth
#milkshakeg te
#vo em lly
#sdg6
#votetommy
#mep #tommyrobinson
#tommyrobinsonmep#fakenews
#salford
#carlisleagainstrascism
#carlisle
#barrow
#antifa
#thelabourparty
#backto60
#50swomen
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#votetommyrobinson
#carlbenjamin#financialjustice#blackpool
#tommyrobinsons
#fleetwood
#northwest
#oldham
#manch ster
#dungarvan#clonmel
#middleton#westandtogether
#bolton
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#bury
#csa #endracismeu#stopmilkshaketommy
#dialogue
#england
#euinfluencer#justice
#safet
#marielepen
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#votedup
#sargonofakkad#demfest
#mbga#wonderful
#ivotedtommy
#milkshakeboy
#bankholiday onday
#kinginthenorth
#yaxleyl nnon
#wwg1wg#cheethamhill
#prestwich
#assange
#blackburn#britishar y#getoutandvotetoday
#freejulian
#jews
# ilkshakechallenge
#milkshaketo y
#totnes
#andrewgrayston
#bridgwater#europar
#farleftscu#fartage
#onelawfor ll
#idahot
#nv#psbarmy
#thread
#stopfascistt mmy
#bur ley#fishafash
#criminal
#thieves
#traitors#vandalism
#zaragoza
#eccles
#equals
#pendions
#pensionspot
#freespeechmatters
#jessphill ps
#stockport
#warrington
#stephenyaxleylennon
#democracy
#changepoliticsforgood
#votebrexitparty
#plymouth
#devon
#cornwall
#southwest
#youth
#slovenia
#sarec#gibraltar
#voteannwiddecombe
#croatia
#paras
#security
#prosperity
#frontex#changepolitics4good
#sibiu
#stopthefudge
#somerset#rights#gloucester
#votetoday
#eppsummit
#voteleave
#fightingback#mlk#willofthepeople
#euco
#fairness
#defence
#ch ngeourlifeforgood
#g toutandvote
#ljubljana
#wip out#em loy nt
#elite#p nzance
#scouts#smarteur pe
#instagram
#twitter
#oxymo on
#voteconservative#digitalsingle
#newart
#o1g
#polbeat
#újdal#újkislemez
#plenkovic#wolverhampton
#civsocdays#investments#letc worth
#votesargon
#bollockstoverhofstadt
#corporation
#ealing#torycanvass
#battleofsplitscamp
#nonvoters
#devonport
#sutton
#kalmar
#youthguar ntee
#iccs
#tex l#ditchliblabcon
#ukelections
#ford mocracy
#votethebrexitparty#gloucest rdebates
# ofc
#hofl#love oueu
#myfu uremychoice#postal#tacticalv te#loyaltytomyparty
#italy
#europe
#migrant
#greennewdeal
#salvini
#climateprotection#hungary
#orban
#voteforme
#govote
#votetogether
#voteforeurope
#gehtwählen
#patriots
#diversity
#sweden
#antisemitic
#poland
#19may
#yestochange#feminism
#populism
#migration
#thoughtsandprayers#yeswevote
#freedom
#thepowerofvote
#milano
#lega
#study
#work
#eras us
#jobs#power
#update
#sibiusummit
#fidesz#europa
#mepsfor
#progressive
#southeast
#diem25
#orbán
#seanbinder
#medit rranean
#eineuropafueralle
#actforculture
#lmp
#peace
#r search
#innovation
#roadtosibiu
#hopei b ck
#finland#captainamerica
#asylu
#votetogethereu
#europeneedsfeminism
#netanyahu
#feminist
#fascisti
#nwo
#solidarity
#sunday
#europeenn 2019
#budapest
#weber
#protection
#euro
#economi s
#ren wables
#europeans
#patriotsawakened
#neweuropeans
#momentumhu
#christian
#eu27
#extendthevote
#dignity#solar
#1europafueralle
#bono
#vote4friendship
#challenge
#codingdavinci
#cdvsued
#dataviz
#ep2014
#drones#uspace
#makeyo rvote
#momentum
# ato
#26 ay
#wiegehtsdireuropa
#facts
#ecofeministscor card
#electionsue2019#hartbovenhard
#m morandum
#socialec n my
#opposition
#pis
#eapn
#accesible #righttovote
#climateactivist
#eppsummit2019
#eunap#spanien
#e ropematters
#kdnp
#foreign
#m di
#frie ds
#he urope
#femvibes
#science
#piazz du mo
#nort ern r l d
# a nto
#visegrád
#answer#opinion
#women
#gender
#highereducation
#traitor
#jobbik#music
#threats
#sharedvalues
#que
#unite4ed
#democracyne dsimagination
#fivestar
#democraticparty
#heplay2win
#closedborders#mszp
#dk
#may 6
#petition
#epsr
#upc
#1eur pafüralle#t amwork
#chicken
#sov eignty
#eufundi g
#afghanistan
#eyl40#explor urope
#naisteneu
#h anitarianaid
#conflic
#chemistry
#superstate
#5myths
#animal
#psychedelics
#playlist
#walkth t lk
#nordicmodel
#radfem
#hungarian
#matteosalvini
#liberty#pro ressives
#st rage #te mtyranny
#teamupc
#unitarypatent
#friendswillbefriends
#1europeforall
#ambass dorscho l
#archaeology
#h i ag
# dj
#maps
#degteam
#join
#britsin u
#eastofengland
# cr
#et c2019# rgency# uropecity ilano2019#unity
#cleanair
#e igration
#iv tefor
# yp
#votingtogether
#li bontreaty
#opendemocracy#dorsethustings
#peoplepower
#acanewsletter#yellowrose
#coventry
#go ernm nt
#countdown
#culturaldiversity
# ocialcooper ives
#cyclists
#bicycles# u28#15gr en
#euandi2019
#family
#notohatey st change#federation
#lgbt
#vihr
#elia
#nézőpont
#ip
#karas
#lifelonglearning
#marriag
#p ojec 28
# i wsu r
#notohate
#standt gether
#greeneconomy
# s as
#openacces
# psidedown
#vot no
#vo ing atters
#deinestimm gegennationalismus
#deinewahlfüreuropa
#h2020 # xit
#caffè
#cana a
#carpi
#moden
#ceu
#culturalheritage
#deutsc l nd
#systemd
# p2109# ukriti#paperli
#1 ay
#belgianpride
#eur x
#int rn tion ldayof hefa il
# enf
#switz la d
#worldwide
# ad a chiopp
#helsinki
#gehwählen
#ginostrada
# eloni
#ii a
#islamization
#mimmoluc no
#rebran ingeur pe
#hasht gs
# ulticulturalism
#openborders
#tr st
#religion
# ises
#sverige#titans
# r ndi urope
#y u gvoters#y urv teourfuture
#labour
#brexit #peoplesvote
#nomorefudge
#finalsay
#brexitparty
#ukip
#makebrexithappen
#greens
#votelabour#faragethefraud
#confirmatoryvote
#secondreferendum
#corbyn
#nec
#green
#labourremainers
#change k
#voteukip
#leavemeansleave#libdims
#forthenation
#deniedmyvote
#startup #c ypto
#stocks
#nigelfarage
#imvotingukip
#uk
#eur peanelectionr sults
#farage
#london#fakenewsmedia
#believeinbritain
#tory
#nhs
#muslims
#baudet
#changepolitics
#veteran
#partyofthepeople#thepeoplesa my
#savebrexit
#brexitparty_uk
#exitpoll
#thebrexitparty
#frexit
#canterbury#eastmidlands
#labournec
#greenparty
#bbc
#brexitshambles
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#the esamay
#labourdoorst p
#bxp
#jc4pm
#farright
#lexit
#standup4brexit
#e ropéennes2019
#nodeal
#electionse ropeenne2019
#radiolondres
#wales
#votelabour23may
#ourvoteourrights
#juncker
#tusk
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#toxic#votechangeuk
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#cnn
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#un lected
#universalcredit
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#fashion
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#vote a ly
#avillageidiot
#notts
#denie avote
#brainhealth#redhill
#changingp liticsforgood#pmqs
#buryst dmunds
#cymru
#brainresearch
#cardiff
#choos yourfut re
#stopbrexitbus
#swansea
#tr xit
#aberavon
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# eath
#ivotedbrexit
#th resamayr sign
#merthyr
#ivotedl bour
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#chester
#elecciones26m
#lp4mep
#rahulgandhi#lancashire
#annwiddec mb
#ge rgia #mississippi
#euelection esults
#johnson#reigate
#brexitom ter
#stowmarket
#judith_kerr
#l aveeu #englishdemocr ts#stroud
#ch shire
#cumbri
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#dorisjohns n
#jeremycorbyn
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#vincecabl
#pleidleisiwchllafur
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#eucitizend
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#liberal
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#electionresul s2019
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#scottishgreens
#brexitbacklash
#milkshake
# overty
#firstview
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#li eraldemocrat #putittothepeople
#wednesdaywisdom
#brexit ayh
#dragonsden
#eucandidate
#dur am
#n vertrustatory
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#wo lwich#armsrace
#usa
#horley
#co rup ion
#golden isas
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#election2019re ults#escape #bythemany#votehopenothate
#1922c mmitt e
#bbc skthis
#banstead
#foodp rk
#roath#assault
#news
#votelabourtoday
#porttalbot
#gtto
#wt brexit
#brixtonhill
#voteforchange
#jc4pm2019
#labourbr xit
#brexit rs
#brighton
#nullifythe lec on
#eu20 9
#horring r
#münchen
#oswestry
#carmarthen
#notforthe oung
#revokearticle50pe ition
#free
#lewes
#oldmoat
#romania
#dover
#stuffyoualreadyknowdepartment
#chuk
#aldershot#bleeupassport
#23may
#chelseaflowershow
#trump2020
#alkasehgalcuthbert
#brexitmeansbrexit#cand dates
#frackers
#greenmeans
#plasticpollution
#d nfermline
#newt ngrange
#nationalnumerac da
#remainmeps
#stopto myrobinson
#kag2020#l eds
#neverforget #sund rland
#s owflakes#ge17
#brixt n
#ewac2019
#fair
#ro hdal
#rotherha
#smethw ck
#tee side
#t lford
#islington
#lab urmeansbrexit#littleenglanders
#democratic
#sterling
#sunrise
#th 5million
#final ayforall
#theneth lands
#forbritain
#eueleccciones2019#nextpm
#ue
#brexiteers
#secondlist
#values
#geenp il#stemmen
#guisborough
#heidiall
#cringeuk#isis
#forthemanynotthefew
#theansweriscoming
#liberals
#londonunited
#hammersmitheuhus ings
#saltyt ars
#fighthate
#labourandproud
#labourmeps
#noracismnofa cis
#votehopenithate
#keepfa cismout
#wild r
#hypoc iticalbr xiters
#maymustgonow
#pl id
#britaindeservesbetter
#cutskill
#ethics#greyhoundsforlabour
#guardian
#kent
#north st
#liberaldemocra s
#newcastle
#br xitmarch
#livingw ge
#su dayfunday
#labou 4co firm oryvote
#walkingaway
#bath
#backstop
#brexitnow
#dday75
#globa m
#tragedy
#dontvoten zi
#ch rter4 ain
#brexitdeal
#eufamilies
#happybirthdayjez
#oakl y
#mothersclimatemarch
#mothersday2019
#maid nhead
#burnage
#withingto
#rema
#pitcorthie
#realchange#rotherhithe
#bols naro
#unite
# os side
#westlondonhusti gs
#yellowtories
#unreport
#yeslavot
#yorks ireforeurope
#accesstoju t ce
#far_right
#illuminati
# vervotelabour
#racism_x phobi
#rothschil
#de iedmyvot cotl nd#s condlistforeuvote s
#chicheste
#spotthebrexitbus
#op iontorem i
#soros
#smallparties
#shu up
#lab url ave
#lett rstonige
#newsgal
#savethenh
#remainp rties
#sai sbu ys150
# chool ully
#darkmoney
#the3mil ion
#theglums
#mayresigns
#vote4values
#makewalesmatter
#acc sstoh althservices
#sky
#hunger
#brexiter
#f24debat
#giletjaunes
#harlow#peterborough
#p lexit
#wednesdaymotivation
#d pbribes
#brexshi
#healthinsuranc
#pr sidency#can esfilmfestival2019
#costofliving
#cowbridge
# astmi s
#inth ordsofb rack
# ddisbury
#weaver
# stablish t
#puppet#fundingfarag
#n ws lkbreakfast#leave sofnewcastle
#libd m ai
#ubi
#life #matt#msm
#pedophili
#wikileaks# eston
#pizzagate
#pl ritagedays#save urn s
#l a mnsl ave
#stopthema ness
#thelas eg
#theresa aystatemen
#milkshakes
#uklab ur
#joinl our
#votersuppr s ion
#yorkshireandhumb r
#antibrexit
#i fo rs
#benfellows
#bild r erggroup
#dolph n quare
#justiceforcharlene
#blukip
#brexitc st
#channel4news
#duterte
#peopl svot march
#p puli s
#spygate#tuesdaythoughts
#d mocra
#fibde
#huddersfield
#ge15
#hove
#w arethechangewese k#chukaumun
#cliamtebreakdo n
#labourmanifesto
#corruptuk
#powergrab
#towerh mletsnow
#electiledysfunction
#euc ndi
#eupa liam n
#far
#fara efu ding
#votelab urm y23rd
#f ckt eeu
#global#grays
#greenwich
#chelmsford #hignfy
#votelabourm y23
#isitok
# engate
#kidlingto
#israel
#newha # edcardcorbyn#l beraldemoc#llanelli
#britons#batt n
#oldswan
#sign
#gmb
# apecl se
# eesmogg
#revokeartical50
#gowto
#subscribe
#youtub c a n l#tax
#tilbury
#transport
#truro
#eleico seuropeias2019
#voted itparty#camp ignsatur ay
#votem#votewelshl bour
#breakfastwithbelle
#w ltham tow
# redamnright
#annunziata
#r i3
#anti# ntiisl mco ments
#muslim
#antiquesro sh w
#japan#barnet
#theresavillers
#basicincome
#teump
#bgt
#blair
#boe
#alien
#b rn er
#betray l
#brexitispersonal
#brexitpartymomentum
#brexitpartypeople#declassif fisa
#dup
# stwoodf reurop
#exitpoll2019
#f rtnu an mason
# egal
#pm
#poundshop
#scifi
#toxictories
#vot sdl
#ww2
#brexitbre rayal
#endisnigh #g tal fe#n tion lfront#socialists
#ukpolitics
#brexitr lity
#brexitshamble
#cchq
#just yin
#statusquo
#co mander ville
#resi t
#soyboys
#conservativeleadership
#blairit s
#tmay
#coun il
#councilo s
#cuk
#tig
#davo#inv stigat
#de edyour te
#euci ize ship
# pval 2019
#euwithdr wa de l#euyesl vot
#banks
#truth
#fb4b
#fo europe
#fuck h poor#greatbritai
#thegr enparty
#h ringey
# ndiatravel
#kar la
#isle fwight
#jeanclaudej ncker
#johncurtice
#v rhofstadt
#pe p sv t
#ber o sey
#brecon
#l dsom
#eu fere dum
#llanfa s
#str tford
#mayor#merton
# ilkshakesatpollin stations
#milkyman
#minimumwa e
#ne liber l
#netherland
#a ki forafriend
#pe s aliycul
#islam phobia
#paulcr wth r
#pledge
# mq
#polic
#privatisation#rem in u
#r sign
#rugby
#warwi hi
#southampton
#sw u cil#sydenham
#t rygrap# ravel# m rica
#borderwal
#esifop ndata
#tw tterpoll #ep10
#generalelection#l ftisb st
#w
#wealdstone
#w lshpo l
#winni g
#libdems
#stopbrexit
#remain#europeday
#voteremain
#votelibdem
#vote
#bollockstobrexit#revoterevokeremain
#sodem
#votelibdems
#backbrexit
#votedlibdem
#libdem
#leave
#revokearticle50
#sundaymorning
#wto
#remainbacklash
#libdemsurge
#thursdaythoughts
#remainers#r vokea50
#dogsatpollingstations
#pettheft#euflagmafia
#r main th eu#remainersunite
#dontbeabanana
#parliament#borisjohnson
#revoker mainreunite
#vote2remain
#labourmeansleave
#hope
#votebrexit
#halloween#remainvoter
#brexitchaos
#proeu
#eucitizens
#2ndreferendum
#everyvote
#libdemeurope
#remainernow
#sheffield
#newbury
#oxford
#electnohate
#etuc19#bettertogether#k epscotlandineurope
# topfarage
#southwark
#newdeal
#libdemfightback
#vota
#votez
#wildlife#portsmouth
#exitfrombr xit
#localelection2019
#yorkshireandhumberside#s arwarsday
#maythe4thbewithyou
#thursday
#reform
#dogsatpollingplaces
#manifesto#publiclibraries
#hastings
#prorem in
#n tionalist
#environmental
#webinar
#agenda2030# oengineering
#may
#abtv
#dulwichwood
#voting#stopthebrexitparty#tellthemagain
#stoptom eh#stopukip
#boycot movement
#движењебојкотирам#branchoffice
#starmer
#plaidcymru
#remainalliance#voted
#vo erem in23may
#voteproeu#eineuropafüralle
#brexitisacrimescene
# a tbourne
#disabilityvote
#vfto #campaign2remain
#useyourvot
#bicester
#diegrünen
#cityg ide uni h
# etoutthevote
#guildford
#fre wifi#snooperscharter#stalbans#vot leavestillbr kethelaw
#stopbrexitfixbritain
#worc st r
#wm uro19#great anchesterrun
#opposenotappease
#maltafqalbna
#bolloxtobrexit
#bananarepublic
#british
#c i wick
#fear
#l wish m
#righ
#voteforyourfuture
#stopfacism
#
#t cticalvoting #dogs tpollingstations2019
#ifucki gha eborisjohnson#opensoci ty
#pleasevot
#we resodem
#boatparty
#unitedindiversity#local
#stay#vo ewis ly
#commonwealth
#corbyn ut
#happyeuropeday
#inno llagioia
#odet j y
#forests#ledbydonkeys#nor hwich
#ukpoverty
#blockbrexi#jacobree mogg
#celebration
#co psinspirechange
#harrow
#manofth people#oneeuropeforall
#catsatpollingstations
#ewrop
#restore
#voteforproeutomorrow
#yo rvotematters#birmin am
#bollockstolabour
#electromagnetic
#field
#guas
#getvoting
#stopfascis
#wordupdesign
#univ rsityofoxf rd
#ch stians
#denied
#asoulfo europe#forestpledge#eastengland
#hos ile
#hounslow#didcot
#action4life
#worki gtimedirective#eucitizen
#euagencies
#l bourisleav#linlithgowhustings
#m kei count
#plaidfirsttime
#scotlan splacein urope#resultspack
#smashth farright
#ardoyne
#eastwo foreurope#brem in
# dinburghvigils4eu
#eucitiz nsrights
#autist c
# rexitisallaboutnigel# nchleyc ntral
#leavers
#regional
#breakingnews
#socialeurope#yoda
#votedg een
#ashf rd
#rumint
#commonsense
# ufu ded
#du wich
#estonia
#faversham
#me shack#votelife
#vot strong
#voteunited
#remoaner
# esp ct
#r voke#remainerbacklash
#revok remainr build
#tactical2017
#northbelfastcampaigntrail
#recycling
#britaincanle rn
#choosepeace
# oplefirs#dontvotelabour
#euflag
#festadell uropa
#vo europa
#iameuropean
#votec atchall nge
#r m inp ty
#smallheath
#vo 4h p
#domin craab
#toryleadership
#br xit rial
#c b idg#cosh m
#how 4indy
#scou#f llows ip
#grea waterfo tcity
#buckfrex t
#thanksrem invoter
#grovepa k
#ro
#washingt n
#libd mtrain
#remai united
#v t mainparty
#shrops ire
#g ldrush
#swindon
#uganda
#prove hemwrong
#votep ut morr w
#votefo sc land#worthing
# ost rs
#boxers
#leicester
#tha es
#cooperators#dog
# u
#guided gsat ollingstations2019#wrexham
#ha mersmith
#southkensingto
#l bourrem in#keptwoma
#la caster
#libdemgains
#inter ationalist
#mis ingchildrensday#forg tm ot
#missingkids
#party#eu di
#pubdog
#failing
#weloveeu
#revo
#votingday
#ap rel
#barrybailout
#blackdog
#bl g
#fuckfarage
#fuckukip
#national
#nazis
#buckethead
#btposs#dogsoftwitter
#h alth ds fetyb ar#woof
#endfr ov ent
#ed
#ho tileenvironm nt
#uc1f rm
#eupositivelis
#e circusban
#bo n
#nottinghill
#po ttower
#finnish#h adi gl y
# nlithgow
#luton
#ivotedsnp #openvote
#re insurge
#respectthev t rs
#tinge
#saveourfuture#standup2brexit
#sp inelect ons
#clueless
#k nsi ton#stourport
#tali n
#v t f rhop
#nigelfarag isaracist#voteukeup
#glasgowhustings
#all
#23rdmayvo e
#l st y
#register
#t orrow
#theresavilliers
#bbcthevie
#bollckstofarag
#fix t rmact#bournville
#ukpubs
# ucandi ates2019
#s yi europe
#d mocracydog
#derrygirl
#gorbalgirls
#díad eur pa
#disabilityright
#dis nf anchisement
#dogsofinstag am
#don f rge vot
#dontl thi win
#ich se u
#talli n
# t nfor uro
# k v
#ceredigion
# aron court
#br xi isridiculous
#dig stiveh alth
#l ghterisgoodfor hesoul
#of
#sme
# s a
#toryr in
#fri ndship
#fuckfascis
#fu ktrump
#gcse nglis lit
#gui pig#ful a
#harr ga e
#hestle ine
#kick heminth ball box
#cle w t
#kinr s
#r me b rt egiste
#savebritain#saffronw ld n
#patri tic
#n moreh
#yest climatechange
#no2fa cism
# adges
#proxyr f rendum
#queensp rk
#r uk
#vote
#re a nine
# chumand cl ration
#h rdremain
#stopbrexitsavethenhs#takebackc ntrol
#wear europe
#tun ridg wells
#turnoutmatters
#uc1
#fcknzs
#l galidentity
#count ybeforeparty
#yougov
#ridge
#marr#itvnews
#skynews
#brexitbetrayal
#bbcnews
#bbcqt
#bbctw#bbcnewsnight
#bbcbias
#r4today#politicslive
#c4news
#newsnight
#cleanbrexit
#nodealbrexit
#socialistsunday
#skypap rs#bbcsp
#podcast
#toppleuncaged
#wtobrexitnow
#couldntmakeitup
#bbcaq
#lbc
#parliame tvsthepeople
#sundaybrunch#nobra ner
#bbcpm
#bbcpolitics
#new
#europecalling
#bbcfeedback#commons
#r moaners
#westminsterhour# ato
#choochoo
#sadmanontheleft
#journalismisnotacrime
#pienaar
#dailymail
# tebias
#chukpa ty
#ffs#5live#soph ridge
#bbcqy
#softremain
#may ustgo#postcotonou# alk adio
#whitewalkers
#winteriscoming#elec io results
#gove#gr enpe ce
#podcasts#manchestercity
#tobyyoung
#ausp l
#ausvotes
#ausvote2019#bb questionti#qanda#borisjohnsonshouldnotbepm#libla on
#lyra cke
#cheam#twats#vot labourg tbrexit
#1oct
#video
#euro ision
#spain
#catalonia#basquecountry
#europoliticalprisonersvision
# iverpool#barça#catalan#bootle
#eurovisionpoliticalprisoners
#makeam ve
#eurovisionsongcontest
#thisisthereal pain
#puigdemontponsatíco ín#nosurrender
#spainisafasciststate
#freecat lanp litic lprisoners#animalpolitiicseu
#serbia
#cantaeurovisiónllor pal stina#eurovi ion2019
#immigrants
#lliurespereuro a#albania#shqip#shqip ria
#esc19#puigdemont
#r m dankareem
#freekamr gh deri
#ramadanmubar k
#northmaced nia
#bosnia
#herzegovin#k sov#mo teneg o
#juntsxeuropa
#psoe
#su i
#apa arpuig emont
#españistan#nederland
#pp
#cs
#pvdd# p#dreta ecidi
#repúblicacatalana
#votapan#portugal#globalsp i
#vip#c talanrepublic
#fr et thom#eucountrybriefing
#eur cti
#facupfin l
#nicol fest
#scousers#nosurrender26m#scottish
#vox#thenorth e e bers
#freeth mall
#llib rtatp esospol ticsi xiliats
#w trust deu# h pionsleagu final2019
#socialist
#politic lprisoners
#cataluny
#politi altrial
#soumi
#s an sh lections
#v tapac a
#fre domofs ch
#fre domtopublish
#unhrc
#newsletter
#campaign#wapping
#katalo en
#dar todre m# urovisionboycott2019
#mtf2019#skamitali
#ua pseason81volleyballfinals
#wir i dmehr#foreig friends fcatalonia#junt xcat
#carl spuigde ont#verizonup
#viscacataluny lli re
#you d u
#macron
#regime#france#giletsjaunes#austerity#yellowvests#paris#lepen
#acte26#migrants
#pressfreedom#actexxviii
#acte25
# ct xxv#eurogendfor
#chambéry
#stevebannon
lyon
#marinelepen
#act xxvi
ayday#policebrutality
pitiésalpêtriere
#revoluti n
lr
#bannon
journalist#lrem
#th movem t#cha pselys es#journalistsrn
e lv
bruxelles
#acte28#ra adan#saintp i st#ps
#fi
#champselysée
#gelbwesten
acrondemission# out
vivelafrance
# istance#actexxiv
streetm dics
#b rc lo a#m rseillegj
#antireport
#rhône
#notreda e
#nortfront
# mpire#lord#stormtroop rs
im erial
#ivote4pressfreedom
#zuckerberg
eussr
# ctionplan
#rass blem ntnati nal
#acte24
#mel ncho
eup ject
bedr omtax#bussiness
office
#endwar
#y lowj k ts
#ha on
#g l hesjes#caen
#justin
#amboise#e
rcheitisfo biddentotwosh rtsst ve
#internet
#facebook
#sd #alde
#copyrightdirective
#acta2
#gdpr
#bayer
#monsanto
#copyright
#acta
#afp
#censorship
#rutte
#ejc
#google
# erreg
#chartoftheweek
#commission
#president
#gafa
#strongertogether
#cocacola
#digitalrights
#net eutrality#privacy
#uploadfilt rs
#christchurc call
#fr edomofexpression
#ter orism
#thisistheeu#whistleblowers#epriv cy
#apple
#a azon
#linktax
#guyverhofstadt
#cd #p2b#democacy
#international
#eulaw
#directive
#regulations
#ro2019eu
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#socialdemocrats
#euleadership
#actu
#westminster
#europeday2019#ll ndrindodwells
#lovelancaster
#valletta
#europatag
#h useofcommons
#comeout4eu
#lgbti
#humanrights
#equality
#gabon
#freeallpoliticalprisoners
#frédéricmassavala
#cgri#comeout2vote
#tousautribunala8h30
#connected
#ai
#ep #data
#idahot2019
#westernsahara#morocco
#rainboweurope#landryamiang
#arsen
#theft
#economy
#killing
#rape
#un#i f
#t rritory
#comeout
#d fense
#reducedinequalities
#dakhla #polisario
#q ickfacts
#working
#idahobit2019
#saharaoccidental
# fric
#intellectualproperty
#saudiarabia
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#cooperati n
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#au
#gehtwaehlen#sism
#temblor
#inclusivity
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#drc
#period
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#l btiq
#eurofascists
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#le2019
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#rtepolitics
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#localelections2019
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#ivoted
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#ff#fridayfeeling
#gameofthrones
#gameofthronesfinale
#sustainablecommunities #francesfitzgerald
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#newvoices
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#boycottfitzgerald
#mauricemccabe
#repealedthe8th#together4yes
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#southd blin
#votethemallout
#we
#marian
#syria
#eyesonidlib
#limerick#backingbrendan
#count
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#pesco
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#breakbarriers
#choice
#voteforlife
#votethemout
#fg
#galway
#midlandsnorthwest#freethecycl lanes
#alex4europe
#vote1
#cblive
#voteyes
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#feministcommunities
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#peaceful
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#abolishabortion
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#gemmaodoherty
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#allocate4cycling
#no
#athlone
#kilmainham
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#russianwa crimes
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#generationvote
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#voteken edy1
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#bengilroy
#wexford
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#homesforall
#housingpledge2019
#peoplebefor profit
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#so ialrights
#ourtimetovote#profamily
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#aras18
#arts
#oflynn4mep
#gr ystones
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#k rry
#kerrycount
#kilken y
#latelateshow
#housingassociations
#vaccines
# arylou
#midlands
#southleitrim
#vote4nature
#yourvoteyourvoice
#boycottffitzgerald
#brunel
#canvass
#blackrock
#rte1
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#bicycle
#directprovision
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#hypocrisy
#sf
#waterch rg s
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#latelatec untryspecial
#on youth19
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#plebiscites19
#pkd b t
#wycombe
#mayo
#syrians
#mnw
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#vo eno1#climatevoter
#donegal
#ireland2040
#e rimepmeetings
#eoghanmurphy
#i4c
#fightingforyou
#curlywurlies
#furbies
#francesfordublin
#francesforeurope
#investincycling
#mepcandid tes
#thisweek#fgff
#keepitintheground
#andrews4eu op
#ffdoorstep
#newfaces
#ref2019
#midleton
#myvaluesmyvotes
#palestinians
#resp ctandhonour
#virginmedianews
#eleiçõeseuropeias2019
#vote4climate
#1s
#beaumont
#cryptocurrency
#castleknock
#corrupt
#coolock
#lovecabra
#votemeenagh1 #donnycarney
#familysupport
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#lge19
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#pro ifeyouth
#vo prochoice
#livelin
#ruralireland#navan#protaxpayer
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#be fsummit
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#domowils n
#duleek
#elections2019results
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#fridaythoughts
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#gree 19
#growth
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#husky
#puppy
#maarat_al_numan
#rte
#palmerstown#seeherelected
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#politicalidentity
#male
#fightingforireland#men
#moate
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#nurse
#pt
#repeal
#rise4idlib
#slane
#spiceworldtour2019
#str dgre n
#worldbeeday2019
#capreform
#1000seats
#treasonmay#achill
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#iranian
#carlow
# aois
#wicklow
#turnitup
#ivoteforclimate
#clane
#climatesummit
#abetterw rld #munster#rtegaa
#rtesixone
#corkcc
#darknessintolight
#new_ep
#tomyson
#donabate
#familyfun#cobh
#feministmanifesto
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#ph v
#pluginhybrid
#irelandtalks
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#generationyes
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#wo ninpolitics
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#idsmanifesto
#aintnomountain #betterdublin
#exitpoll2019results
#ge19
#votesinnféin
#loveboth
#lovelylee
#maketheshift
#marriageequality
#optimis
#portmarnock
#right2h using
#refugeeswelcome
#rtepolitcs #vote1deirdreclune
#voteryan1
#aci
#ballincollig
#ballintogher#ethereum #b ycottfffg
#letsdothis
#rur lirelandneedscasey
#carrigaline
#championship
#childpoverty
#climatemarch
#artane
#kill ster
#coliving
#gombeen
#landlord
#copenhagen
#bikeforgood
#cavan
#dopeornopegiv away
#dublincity
#destavezeuvoto
#greenfever
#emptyvessel
#spiceworldt urdublin
#evgdagreat# victfinegael
#fidelmahealyeames
#aontú
#fightbackfriday
#prowoman
#prow rker
#finega lness
#foxrock
#galwaygirl
#galwayweek
#notleft
#labourwomen
#hannahats
# ometovote
#irishwater
#localelecctions2019
#wevoted
#offaly #19lyes
#corkcountyc uncille19
#divref
#localelections19
#longforddec es
#she
#six
#vanitypr ject
#leitri
#tg4tv
#generalelection2019
#dil2019
#galway2020
#portumna
#agm
#mcdonagh4c ntral
#newbridgeornowhere
#registerofelectors
# ingsend
#shankill
#shantalla
#buildingsocialeurop
#stillorg #strandhill
#painful#vota2019
#tuamba i s
#voteobrien1
#tfria
#votewhite1
#watch
#yesshecan
#waff nss#wehrmacht#eescplenary
#artificialintelligence
#hatespeech
#odin
#bigdata
#eucompetition
#gestapo
#antisemitism#awesomecodes
#fascism
#asbestos
#elderly
#philanthropy
# olocaust
#fourthreich
#citizensdialogue
#anendtoantisemitism
#patriarchy
#whiteprivilege
#ss
#sso
#ichbinhier
#disinformation
#defendingdemocracy
#austria
#russia
#cultureofcorruptio
#ibizaaffaere
#strachegate
#centrerightpolitics
#european
#blockchain
#wien
#china
#erdogan
#northkorea
#turkey
#euvalues
#fpo
#vienna
#kurz
#ovp
#codeofpractice
#tradewars
#cybersecurity
#ibizagate
#strachevideos
#tradeunions
#healthcare#medtech
#disinfo
#v4
# uropacalling
#federaleurope #subsidiarity
#military
#dictature
#milkshakesagainstfascism
#strahevideo
#eva4eu
#us
#misinformation
#leonardodavinci
#socialgood
#tech
#strache
#hackers
#unitedstates #huawei#5g
#sanctions
#theresamayresignation
#amr
#investing
#sebastiankurz
#avaaz
#cyberatt cks#colonialism
#traded al
#futureeu
#medicinesshortages
#liberalismisamentaldisorder
#gotovote
#euinmyregion
#youth4regions
#dirtyvoting
#dirtydancing
#britishsteel
#stopbrexitsavebritain
#fbpe
#facciamorete#fbr
#pecs
#fphd
#3million
#registertovote
#eusupergirl
#eusupergirltour
#frankfurt
#voteeurope
#euandme
#thefutureiseurope
#pulseofeurope
#couragecalls
#nottingham
#stavoltavoto#facciamovotare
#water
#youngpeople
#bandieraue
#facciamoue
#scunthorpe
#suffragette
#dataprotectio#sanitation#standup4water
#prague
#voteremia
#the3millionvote
#loveeu
#notinmyname
#hygiene
#reasonstoremain
#av tar2
#casseurs
#heimateuropa
#europemyhome
#thankeu
#checifaccioqui#rivers
#y uthwiki#expat
#a50c allenge
#answers
#eurydiceeu
#remainbackuk
# tatiunitideuropa
#sherwood
#ques ions
#remainwitheu
#dirittiallameta
#fightpopulism
#razem#unelectedbureaucrats# hil denrights
#thisti ei
#bethechange
#gideon
#jolantarebejko#robertwiśniew ki#voteremainforyourfuture
#regist rnow
#cen#cenelec
#singlemarket
#eutrade
#standards#customsunion
#truststandards
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#natura2000#copper
#cleanenergy
#dyk
#mil
#gard ns
#historic#parks
#lifeproject
#racist
#fascist
#antiracist#golddawn
#antifascist
#antif scists
#antiracists
#stoptommy
#refugees
#p li h
#macedonians#greec
#cdu
#csu
#germany
#merkel
#spd
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#fdp
#forthemany#breaking
#belgium
#rezo
#climatecrisis
#linke
#grüne
#syriza#trikala
#athens
#poll#ευρωεκλογές2019
#euwahl19
#gruene
#hochrechnung
#rezoeffekt
#volos #regensburg
#tsipras
#partei
#hamburg#animals
#politicians
#patricktranter
#greeks
#kaisariani
#regional2019
#dkpol
#dkmedier
#fpö
#strachevideo
#fv19
#ekloges2019
#εκλογες2019
#give
#ipbes
#mera25
#eudk
#doyouknow#ευρωεκλογές
#andrealedsom
#vivaeuropa#cabinet
#torymps
#standingupforwales
#svpol
#eupo
#alexandroupoli
#ipcc
#kke
#jeanziegler
#moria
#övp
#grune
#eurozone
#migpol
#macedonia
#nd
#kopenhagen
#denmark
#actnowforfuture
#nottoday#presseu_nextg n
#islam
#sharia
#spö
#tgif
#ka menos#burka
#frauenrechte
#hidjab
#schmerz
#zwang
#runningforeurope
#ecb
#climatejustice
#schroeder
#newsde
#istanbul
#nordstr am2
#stasi
#warnig#afrika
#sisi
#giahs
#g man
# lobalcompactformigration#mitsotakis#hearourvoices
#srilank
#timew thyou
#syntagma
#συνταγμα
#τsipras
#pavlo ulos
#luxemburg #loveourmother
#climat j st
#edcfree
#nontoxic
#dzuanatsionalaaa manilo
#vlachs
#favoritethin s
#kinal
#timetovote
#xa
#jihad
#shariakills#libpol
#local2019
#helpmevote
#fn#neos
#biz
#byebye
#charitsi
#εκλογές2019
#euparlament
#rumänienhaus#ant1tv
#vlaamsbelang
#flanders
# u teritydeaths
#vot day
#greek #humboldtsymposium
#natpol
#may24
# and t
#remigr tion
#vpol
#turnout#voutsis
#teamsf
#newtownbutler
#upandatit
#roslea
#tempo
#ernenorth
#enniskillen
#irvinestown
#belcoo
#cashel
#garrison
#cornagrade
#ederney #irvineat wn
#ffan
#omagh
#spitzenkandidat
#telleurope
#eurovisiondeba e
#florencedebate
#spitzenkandidaten
#teameurope
#reneweurope
#europeofallpeoples#maastrichtdebate
#worldpr ssfre domda#digitalfairtax
#euroarea
#eudebate
#rawpolitics#thepowerofwe #ichooseeurope
#futureofcap
#biodiv rsityemergency
#tofedeu
#dragonslayer
#sou2019
#comp tition
#comeoutandvote
#bettereurope
#eufoodpolicy
#goodfood4all
#wahlarena
#borders
# ublicservicemedia
#taxkerosene
#wearefamily
#pauw
#brusselnietdebaas
#c nte
#euinfluencers
#throwbackthursday
#industrialpolicy
#tvduell
#throwback
#votejeff
#di ital ransitionfund
#debate
#007dlaeuropy
#eudebates
#live
#jokowinelection
#mo ethedate
#euovershootday
#venezuela#westernbalk n
#westonsupermar
#ambitiouseurope
#goodfoodgoo farming
#sofia#capitalism
#caricature#comic
#15may#engagement
#eup esident #fre domphrase
#izborieu2019
#ovajputglasam
#bravegreeneu
#spitzenkanditaten
#cartoon
#3may
#beirut#labanalitàdelma
#blackandwhite#chile
#enforcement
#euro ol
#eutweetup
#eujs
#retunetheeu#mepdebate
#speakup
#gue
#strogertog th r
#marchforeurop
#teamneva#localgov
#s opnigel
#v tehope
#projecthope
#projectfear
#projectsmear
#ira ia refugeesinturk y# settl ment
#resettlement4iranian
#iran
#iranianrefugeesinthailand
#freeiranwithmaryamrajavi
#mek
#pmoi
#libya
#ukraine
#۴ خرداد
# ایران
# همبستگی_ملی
# سازمان_مجاهدین_خلق_ایران# مریم_رجوی
# مسعود_رجوی
#refugee
# اعتراضات_سراسری
#iranre imecha g
#russian
#downwithdictator
#downwithkhamenei
#rouhani
#1988massacre
#humanri htsviolat ons
#deathpenalty# مجاهدین_خلق
# مجاهد
#afg#athe
#euopenday
#fetedeleurope
#videocontest
#strasbourg
#citizenempowerment
#fetedeleuropeparis
#eesc#eucivilsociety
#virtualreality
#goodies
#madeinfrance
#marketingfail
#debeauvoirtown
#hackney
#debeauvoir
#n16
#stokenewington#stokey
#bulgaria
#borissov
#cee#ruleoflaw
#koalicjaeuropej ka
#apartmentgat
#judicialindep d nce
#sca dals
#diaspora
#dps
#gerb
#zero a te
#circulareconomy
#thankyou
#chesterton
#latvian
#maltese
#slovakian
#goldenvisa#passports
#gardai
#tallaght#bloodonhishands
#iraq
#labou antisemitism
#warcriminal
#justsaying
#networth
#tonyblair
#gemmaroids
#luas
#constructionsm s#sustainableeurope
#constructi
#decarbonisation
#smes
#sm s4eur pe
#carbon #cvoic
#fridayread
#digitalisation
#builtenvironment
#smps
#barnes
#fulwell
#ham
#hampton#kew
#mortlake
#sheen
#teddington
#richmond
#twickenham # uropaistdieantwort
#uns reuropa
#dometalk#graetzelg eseurope
#ibiza
#dotheyknowitseurope
#fridayforfuture
#klimaathysterie
#klimakrise
#klimawahl
#coopsupporter
#coops
#wefarm4eu
#agri
#coopsinpirechange
#cooperatives
#coop
#farming
#cioloș
#usr #renaissance
#marcon
#gimme5eu
#nationalisist#souverenists
Figure 5: Thematic clusters based on hashtag co-occurrences during the last four
weeks before the European Parliamentary elections (layout: Voronoi treemap).
Future' - was establish by Greta Thunberg, a young Swedish environment act-
ivist born in 2003. The movement encouraged young people to get engaged on
schools strikes on Fridays in order to increase pressure on local (but also global)
politicians in the fight against climate change. Thunberg - and more generally
speaking all groups actively engaged in debates on climate change - were heavily
attacked and criticised by right-wing politicians and parties seeking to question
even scientific evidence of climate change.
Similar to the German federal elections 2017, the European parliamentary elec-
tions in 2019 were dominated by a rather small number of topics (Figure 5). In
total, the clustering algorithm could identify 71 distinct clusters, also slightly
more than in the German case. The same technical and methodological aspects
described in the previous subsection apply to this subsection as well. The main
findings of this analysis are presented in Figure 5 and Table 2.
The results from the cluster analysis indicate that Twitter communication dur-
ing the last four weeks of the European parliamentary election was thematically
dominated by three main topics: Brexit, Climate Change and Populism. `Brexit'
is not just the biggest cluster with 582 hashtags, also the clusters #2 - `Ireland'
with 442 hashtags - and cluster #5 - Scotland' with 175 hashtags - are clearly
connected to brexit. There is, however, an interesting dynamics between these
13
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14
three brexit-related clusters. Whereas the `Brexit'-cluster itself evidence both
pro - #brexitparty, #ukip, #farage (referring to the UKIP leader Nigel Farage)
- and contra - #labour, #votelabour, #deniedmyvote - hashtags, the two other
clusters, `Ireland' and `Scotland' and clearly negative to brexit. This is espe-
cially evident in the `Scotland'-cluster, in which the longing for independence
as a part of Europe(an Union) is strongly expressed.
Hardly no surprise that climate change discussions rank to the top five clusters
with 304 hashtags, especially if the high public visibility and global media cover-
age of the IPCC report is taken into account. Especially after the IPCC report
this topic gained also in political importance, it was quickly politicalised and
since then subject to controversial, partly overheated political pro- and contra
discussions. As regards the European parliamentary elections, especially the
Green movements in Germany and Finland, but also in France, seemed able to
canalise this new environmental and climate consciousness into their electoral
support. At the same time, anti-climate change politicking was one of the key
domains for European right-wing populists. Consequently, this topic was highly
polarised during the whole electoral campaign, which polarisation was evident
on Twitter as well. But it is also worth being noted that despite its high polit-
ical potential and strong public visibility, climate change was not not so much
politicked in the context of the European parliamentary elections as brexit.
Since both topics - brexit on the one hand, climate change on the other - have
also been heavily attacked by different right-wing populist political forces, it
hardly surprises that populism seems to be heavily discussed with 273 hashtags
during the last four weeks of the election campaign. It is, however, worth being
noted that the `Populism' cluster seems to consist of non-brexit discussions
revolving around Hungary - #hungary, #orban (referring to Hungarian prime
minister Viktor Orbán) - or Italy - #italy and #salvini (referring to populist
Northern League politician Matteo Salvini). Taking the hashtags #freedom
and #peace into account, this cluster seems to consist of discussion focusing on
European values, also including the hotly debated question of the rule of law.
Also in regard to the European parliamentary elections, a weekly-based tf-idf
analysis brings up a more detailed view what comes to discussion dynamics and
succeeds in reducing `noise' causes by the permanent `brexit' debate (Figure 6).
In the week 18/2019 the campaign debate organised in Maastricht, the Neth-
erlands, gains a lot of attention on Twitter (#maastrichtdebate). Interestingly,
the international worker's day on 1 May - #internationalworkersday - gains
also a high frequency during the first week. The European Day celebrated on
9 May 2019 - #europeanday2019 and #9may - ranks to the top hashtags in
the second week (19/2019), together with different hashtags - #registertovote,
#trythegreens - encouraging voters to cast their votes.
The week 20/2019 did not have any special events, so that brexit-related hashtag
gain in importance again. The election week (week 21/2019) is, rather predict-
able, dominated by voting-related hashtags in both positive - e.g. #ivoted - and
negative - e.g. #deniedmyvote - sense. Another dominant discussion revolved
around the election results, a rather expected finding.
To sum up, the results presented in this subsection also support the assumption
that political discussion on Twitter merely politicked and politicalised public
debates and discussions already present on different media platforms outside
Twitter. As was the case in the German federal elections, also here the analytical
15
Figure 6: TOP-15 hashtags on weekly basis during the last four weeks before
the European Parliamentary elections (tf-idf analysis).
and methodological tools proved their usability by bringing up reliable results.
4 Concluding remarks
This article presented a compact, data-driven comparative analysis of the Ger-
man federal elections 2017 and the European parliamentary elections in 2019.
From the methodological perspective the article sought the exemplify how di-
gital tools can be applied to a large Twitter data in order to gain an improved
understanding of political discussions within a selected, restricted domain.
Generally speaking the results presented in this article evidence, that a correct
and appropriate selection of digital tools helps us to gain a more nuanced and
truth-like understanding about the structure and dynamics of political commu-
nication on Twitter. The results presented in this article evidenced, that cluster
analysis based on hashtag co-occurrence networks is an interesting alternative
tool for topic modelling. Further, results from the tf-idf analysis evidenced the
usefulness of this tool when it comes to understanding thematic changes and
overall dynamics of Twitter discussion.
From the empirical perspective the results presented in this article seem to con-
firm the initial assumption, that Twitter discussions merely reflect and amplify,
often also polarise, discussions already ongoing on other public and media plat-
forms. It is, however, hard to say, whether the results presented in this paper
16
support or deny the idea of `echo chambers' or `communication bubbles'18. The
fact that some of the clusters analysed in this paper contained both pro and con-
tra arguments could be interpreted as a counter-argument to the echo chamber
thesis.
Despite the rather encouraging results and observations we should keep in mind
that the analysis presented in this article is just one perspective on political
communication on Twitter. Further, since Twitter data is not representative
as regards the public opinion, we should be careful when drawing conclusions
or generalising findings. Despite these critical points I value Twitter as an
interesting source to gain understanding about how users politicalise different
issues and how Twitter is used as a digital platform of politicking.
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17