Ritva Hartama-Heinonen, Laura Ivaska, Marja Kivilehto & Minna Kujamäki (toim./red./eds) 2020 MikaEL Kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen tutkimuksen symposiumin verkkojulkaisu, vol. 13, s. 75–88 Nätpublikation för Symposiet om forskning i översättning och tolkning KäTu, vol. 13, s. 75–88 Electronic Journal of the KäTu Symposium on Translation and Interpreting Studies, Vol. 13, p. 75–88 Identifying (indirect) translations and their source languages in the Finnish National Bibliography Fennica Problems and solutions Laura Ivaska University of Turku Abstract Containing information on translations, bibliographies like Fennica, the Finnish National Bibliography, offer a great basis for translation studies research. However, the metadata on translations' source languages/texts is often wanting. In this article, I discuss reasons for this and suggest how bibliographical metadata could be made more reliable. This article builds upon a case study in which the (indirect) Finnish translations of Modern Greek novels and their (mediating) source languages are determined. A list of translations and information on their source languages/texts is retrieved from Fennica. Then, the list is compared with other bibliographies to make sure it is complete, and paratextual material is analyzed to ascertain the (mediating) source languages of the translations. The study shows that the information on the (mediating) source languages/texts in Fennica may be incorrect because there are coding errors in the metadata, or incomplete or missing because the books themselves have inaccurate title/copyright page information. Also, the mediating languages are reported in the bibliography in an inconsistent manner. The situation could be ameliorated by standardizing title/copyright page information, by using a specific field for the language of the mediating translation in the metadata format, and by collectively gathering and implementing amendments into the metadata. Keywords: bibliography, indirect translation, metadata, paratext, source text 1 Introduction Containing information on translations, bibliographies like Fennica, the Finnish National Bibliography, offer a great basis for translation studies research. The Fennica webpage suggests that “[m]aterials in the national bibliography are described in such a way that the bibliography can be used as a source of statistical and other research on Finnish publication production.” But how accurate is the information on (the features of) translations in Fennica? Is it usable for research on translation, and more specifically on indirect translation (ITr), that is, translations made from translations (Gambier 1994)? Being the last link in a chain of translations—consisting of the ultimate source text (ST), the mediating text, and the ultimate target text (cf. Assis Rosa et al. 2017)—ITrs are often covert, and different kinds of methods are needed to identify them and their mediating languages and/or texts. If the mediating languages/texts are not carefully established, the conclusions drawn from the translations may be incorrect (see, e.g., Laura Ivaska Identifying (indirect) translations and their source languages 76 Dedner 2012; Hadyna 2016). To date, there are no large-scale quantitative studies on ITr precisely because ITrs have not been identified in large enough numbers to enable such studies. Proposed methods for identifying ITrs include examining different paratexts, comparing translations, doing interviews, and searching information in bibliographical databases and catalogues (Marin-Lacarta 2017). The goal of this article is to discuss 1) the reliability of bibliographies when it comes to charting (the features of) translations, 2) the shortcomings of bibliographical metadata concerning translations, and 3) how these shortcomings could be overcome. The discussion builds on a case study on Fennica in which the aim is to establish what Modern Greek literature has been translated into Finnish and determine the (mediating) STs of these translations. 2 Using bibliographies to study (indirect) translation: possibilities and problems The term bibliography can refer to lists of books or other works or to the study of books as physical objects (Laine 2018: 18). The former is called enumerative (or systematic) bibliography (Pionke 2013: 6), and the latter goes by many names, such as analytical or descriptive bibliography, depending on the focus of the study (Laine 2018: 17–18). There are different kinds of enumerative bibliographies. References sections of research articles and monographs are at one end of the continuum, the other end of which is occupied by more comprehensive bibliographies, such as the (critical and annotated) bibliography on ITr research by Hanna Pięta (2017). These kinds of bibliographies can be used to locate secondary sources and to explore the state of the art of a research topic, while other kinds of bibliographies can serve to identify primary research materials. For example, the information on books translated and published in about one hundred UNESCO Member States gathered in the UNESCO Index Translationum World Bibliography of Translation could be used to study translation flows between specific countries. The information on books contained in bibliographies is descriptive metadata, that is, data about data (Gartner 2016: 1), which can be used to discover and locate the data to which it refers (Gartner 2016: 6)—in this case, translated books. Descriptive metadata can contain information such as the name of the book or the author; where, when, and by whom the book was published; and what keywords describe its contents (Gartner 2016: 6–7). This article presents a case study on the Fennica database and its metadata on ITrs in the language pair Modern Greek–Finnish. Containing over one million records on publications since 1488, the records in Fennica should be rather complete, because the database is based on materials provided pursuant to various laws, in vigor since 1707, dictating that a certain number of copies of everything published in Finland or for distribution in Finland have to be deposited to the Finnish National Library (Therman 2007). Metadata, however, is a human construct, and like any human endeavor, it is never objective or complete. What is included or left out depends on the purpose the metadata is supposed to serve (Gartner 2016: 3–5). As for Fennica, the transfer of information from books to cards to catalogues to digital form may have caused errors or inconsistencies in the digital database (Paloposki 2018: 20; Tuominen 2006). Furthermore, the various people compiling the metadata may have had differing solutions for cataloguing different versions of one work, such as reprints, MikaEL Kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen tutkimuksen symposiumin verkkojulkaisu, vol. 13 (2020) 77 retranslations, 1 paperback versions, or hardcovers, or for dealing with pseudotranslations, 2 for example (Assis Rosa 2012; Zhou and Sun 2017; Paloposki 2018). All this makes it difficult to filter different versions in the database. Furthermore, the metadata standards do not always support the insertion and retrieval of the information that would make locating certain types of translation possible; for example, there is usually no specific field to insert the information that a book is a retranslation (Paloposki 2018: 25). Some metadata formats even lack fields for translator, translated title, and SL (Zhou and Sun 2017: 118). In fact, it seems that few bibliographical databases have been designed with research on translation in mind. Another example of this is the very reason why ITrs are often difficult to identify in bibliographical databases: in ITr, there are always at least two STs/SLs—the ultimate and the mediating—involved, but Fennica, as the case in point, does not have fields for both. Because of this, usually (only) the ultimate STs are explicitly given in Fennica. Some information on the mediating texts/languages can nevertheless be found in Fennica, but there are inconsistencies in where it is located, and, in addition, the information may be incorrect, incomplete, or missing, as will be discussed below. 3 Material and methods In this article, Fennica stands at the center of the study, but also other paratexts on ITrs are used to assess the information in Fennica and to determine the SL/ST of translations. Gérard Genette (1991: 263–264) divides paratexts into epitexts and peritexts depending on whether they are found outside or within the book, respectively. In this study, two types of epitexts are used. The first type is bibliographical metadata. The importance of checking bibliographical metadata from various sources is discussed by Outi Paloposki (2018) and Alexandra Assis Rosa (2012), and therefore four sources are used in this study: the Finnish National Bibliography Fennica, the Archive of Greek Books in Translation on the webpage of the National Book Centre of Greece (EKEBI), and the lists of Modern Greek literature in Finnish translation compiled by the Finnish Institute at Athens (FIA) (2019) and Kimmo Granqvist (2012). The second type of epitext is various documents found in the translators’, authors’, and publishers’ archives.3 As Jeremy Munday (2013) points out, documents found in the archives can offer insights into the translation processes, including information on how ITrs’ mediating languages/texts are chosen and used (see also Ivaska forthcoming). In addition, one type of peritext is used, namely the title and/or copyright pages (henceforth “title pages”) of the first editions of the books under study. 1 Retranslation is defined as a “second or later translation of a single source text into the same target language” (Koskinen and Paloposki 2010: 294). 2 Pseudotranslation is defined as “a text that is presented as a translation while it is in fact not a translation” (Du Pont 2005: 328). 3 Archival material (mostly correspondence) relating to the translators Pentti Saarikoski, Aarno Peromies, Anna-Maija Raittila, and Juho Tervonen was examined at the National Archives of Finland. Also reviewed were materials relating to Peromies and Kyllikki Villa, as well as collections of newspaper clippings relating to Greek literature at the archives of the Finnish Literature Society, and Elvi Sinervo’s papers at the People’s Archives (Kansan arkisto). The correspondence of the Greek author Pandelis Prevelakis was studied at the University of Crete, and the letters between Kyllikki Villa and Eleni Kazantzakis, the widow of the author Nikos Kazantzakis, were located at the Nikos Kazantzakis Museum. As for publishers’ archives, only WSOY’s correspondence was available (at the National Archives of Finland) when conducting this study. Laura Ivaska Identifying (indirect) translations and their source languages 78 Finally, the picture is complemented with information on the translators’ lives, as knowledge of their language skills, for example, helps narrow down the potential candidates for SLs; this is useful especially when other material is scarce, as in the present study. In practice, the first step in the analysis was a search in Fennica for the Finnish translations of Modern Greek prose. The results were compared with EKEBI’s, FIA’s, and Granqvist’s lists of translations. Next, information on the translations’ SLs/STs was gathered from Fennica, and the results were compared with the information on the SLs/STs found on the title pages of the books. Finally, epitexts and information on the translator’s lives were studied. The information found in the various sources was compared to form a critical bibliography of the Finnish translations of Modern Greek literature and their SLs, presented in the Appendix. 4 Finnish translations of Modern Greek literature: comparing bibliographies In the first step of the analysis, a search in the Fennica online database with the keyword gre—the code for Greek from 1453 onwards—as the “Original language” was made (20 March 2019) with additional advanced search settings; “Place of publication” was Finland, “Type” was book, and “Language” was suomi (fin). The search yielded 134 results. By looking at the metadata, especially on titles, authors, and publishers, the publications that were clearly something other than Modern Greek prose, such as Ancient Greek literature, religious writings, biographies, children’s picture books, anthologies, and poetry, were excluded from the list. In addition, to ensure the coherence of the corpus, two titles published much earlier than the rest of the books were excluded: D. Vikelas’ Lukís Láras: kertomus Kreikan vapaussodan aioilta, published in 1886 in Kaarlo Forsman’s translation, and A. R. Rangabé’s Smaragda: kreikkalainen rakkaustarina, published in 1909 in Kaarlo Uskela’s translation. After this, twenty titles published between 1952 and 2004 remained. Next, to ensure that this list was complete, it was compared with the lists of Greek literature in Finland compiled by Granqvist (2012) and FIA (2019) and with the information found in EKEBI (2019). The collation of the lists revealed that the search in Fennica had missed two books: Kazantzakis’s Tilinteko El Grecolle and Prevelakis’s Ikuinen aurinko. It turned out that the “Original language” of these books was incorrectly coded as grc, which is the code for Greek until 1453, and therefore they had not appeared in the results when a search was done with the language code gre. The two novels were added to the list. To make sure nothing else was missing for the same reason, another search was done (4 July 2019) in Fennica with the language code grc, with the other settings being the same as above. Fennica returned 652 hits, which were checked for the period of 1952–today, but no other translations of Modern Greek prose were found. Therefore, the final list totals 22 translations. The limited size of the case study makes the next step, checking and/or uncovering the (mediating) SLs of the translations, feasible. MikaEL Kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen tutkimuksen symposiumin verkkojulkaisu, vol. 13 (2020) 79 5 Information on source languages in Fennica and on the title pages Having settled on the list of translations to be included in the case study, the next step was to examine the metadata in Fennica regarding the translations’ (mediating) SLs. There are fields for “Language” (of publication in Finland) and “Language of Original”—that is, the ultimate SL (in this case, Modern Greek)—but Fennica does not use a field for signaling the mediating language. There does not seem to be any other consistent way for reporting the mediating languages, at least for the titles observed in this study. Therefore, the metadata for each book had to be checked separately (detailed results are reported in the Appendix). A mention of the (mediating) SL was found for 13 novels, 4 but the location varied: in six cases it was in the field for “Note” (see Figure 1), and in five cases after the title of the translation in the field called “Title” (see Figure 2). Figure 1: The bibliographical metadata of Kazantzakis’s Tilinteko El Grecolle retrieved from Fennica (2 October 2019). The information on the SL is on the line for “Note,” which says “Translated from a German edition.” Figure 2: The bibliographical metadata of Vassilikos’s Z retrieved from Fennica (2 October 2019). The information on the SL is on the line “Title,” which says “Z / translated into Finnish from a French edition by Heikki Kaskimies.” 4 In addition, the record for (and title page of) Kazantzakis's Pyhä köyhyys: romaani Fransiskus Assisilaisen elämästä states that passages with an Italian ST were translated by Pentti Saarikoski; here, however, the focus is on the SLs of the Greek STs, so this information is not analyzed further in this article. Laura Ivaska Identifying (indirect) translations and their source languages 80 Furthermore, where there were several Finnish editions of a book, there was also inconsistency in the metadata between these different editions. In the case of Kazantzakis’s Kerro minulle, Zorbas and Zei’s Villikissa katsoo lasin takaa, the information on the mediating language could be found, depending on the edition, in “Note” or “Title.” In addition, for one edition of Villikissa katsoo lasin takaa, the title given in the field “Uniform Title” was not in Greek but in English and “Language of Original” was eng (see Figure 3). Had there not been other records of this translation, this title would not have appeared in the searches in Fennica (as was the case with Kazantzakis’s Tilinteko El Grecolle and Prevelakis’ Ikuinen aurinko). Figure 3: The bibliographical metadata of Zei’s Villikissa katsoo lasin takaa retrieved from Fennica (2 October 2019), where “Language of Original” is eng. Next, title pages were checked to see what SL/ST information they contained. For consistency, a first edition of each book was used. In 14 of the books, there was an explicit mention of the (mediating) SL and/or ST of the translation, with three stating that they are direct translations from Modern Greek and 11 stating that the SL is something besides Modern Greek (for detailed results, see the Appendix). In 13 of the cases, the same information could be found in both Fennica and on the title page. The 14 th case is Doxiadis’s Petros-setä ja Goldbachin hypoteesi: the title page says that the book has been “translated into Finnish from the 2nd print of the original Greek by Aspotolos Doxiadis Ο θείος Πέτρος και η Εικασία του Γκόλντμπαχ (O thios Petros kai i ikasia tu Goldbach),” but Fennica does not replicate this information (but in any case, the “Language of Original” is gre). Despite this one exception, the information on the SLs/STs in Fennica seems to come directly from the title pages of the books. 6 Other information on source languages: archives and translator bios Next, archival material and information on translators’ lives were studied to uncover and/or ascertain the (mediating) SLs of the translations. As for archival material, Kyllikki Villa’s archive at the Finnish Literature Society provided evidence on the SLs of two translations by her: both Kazantzakis’s Veljesviha and Prevelakis’s Ikuinen MikaEL Kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen tutkimuksen symposiumin verkkojulkaisu, vol. 13 (2020) 81 aurinko are compilative translations, that is, based on the “use of several source texts” (Toury 2012: 100n4). Veljesviha is based on French, Greek, and English editions (for details, see Ivaska forthcoming), as mentioned also in Fennica and the title page. As for Ikuinen aurinko, the information in both Fennica and the title page is incomplete: only one SL, German, is mentioned in them while the correspondence between the author and his translators working in various languages reveals that the Finnish translation is based on German, Greek, and Danish, and that the Danish, in turn, is also a compilative translation based on Greek and English (see Ivaska 2016). Similarly, a newspaper clipping found in the Finnish Literature Society's newspaper clipping collection reveals that Elvi Sinervo used a German and a Swedish ST when translating Kazantzakis’s Viimeinen kiusaus (R-ä 1957). Neither Fennica nor the title page contains any information on the SLs, but another Kazantzakis translation by Sinervo, Vapaus tai kuolema, is explicitly marked as “Translated from a Swedish and a German edition,” suggesting that compilative translation was not a one-time thing for Sinervo. Then, information on translators’ lives was gathered to deduce whether they could have translated directly from Greek, and if not, what their most likely SLs were. According to Granqvist (2012: 293), both Marja Suominen, translator of Staikos’s Herkullisia suhteita, and Reija Tanninen, translator of Russu’s Sano Morfiinille, et mä etin sen vielä and Doxiadis’s Petros-setä ja Goldbachin hypoteesi, have studied Modern Greek, and we can reasonably assume they translated directly from Modern Greek even if Fennica and the title pages have no SL information (except for the title page of Petros-setä ja Goldbachin hypoteesi, which states that it is a direct translation). In two other cases in which Fennica and the title pages have no mention of the SLs/STs, the translators’ bios suggest that they might have translated directly from Greek: Kirsti Lakopoulos, translator of Papathanassopoulou’s Petos kreikkalaiseen tapaan, has taught Greek and worked as a tourist guide (Rautio 1995), and Leena Vatanen-Batis, translator of Jordanidu’s Kultainen sarvi: Kreikkalaisen naisen tarina, “has lived in Athens already for years and has been writing […] the column Täällä Ateena [Athens calling]” for the newspaper Helsingin Sanomat (Kuosmanen 1990). Based on these findings, these translations will be considered direct ones. The following seven translations are marked as ITr in both the title pages and Fennica: Heikki Kaskimies’s translations of Vassilikos’s Valokuvat and Z, Vappu Roos’s translation of Kazantzakis’s Kerro minulle, Zorbas, and Matti Kannosto and Jorma Kapari’s translation Samarakis’s Erehdys are all based on French mediating texts; Marikki Makkonen translated Zei’s Tämä on sotaa, Petros and Villikissa katsoo lasin takaa via English; and Matti Miikkulainen’s translations of Vassilikos’s trilogy Lehti, Kaivo, Enkeli: Trilogia were done via Swedish. Since no evidence suggests otherwise, this information will not be refuted; it is unlikely that someone in contemporary Finland would claim a direct translation to be an ITr because ITrs carry negative connotations (see Ivaska & Paloposki 2018). 5 Similarly, according to both Fennica and the title page, Aarno Peromies’s translation of Kazantzakis’s Tilinteko El Grecolle is based on a German mediating text. For another Peromies translation, Kazantzakis’s Pyhä köyhyys: romaani Fransiskus Assisilaisen elämästä, neither Fennica nor the title page contain any information on the mediating 5 However, the prestige of a certain language in a certain time and place could potentially prompt pseudo indirect translations—that is, translations pretending to be ITrs (Hanes 2017: 220). Laura Ivaska Identifying (indirect) translations and their source languages 82 language(s). However, there is good reason to believe that Peromies translated also this book indirectly, possibly again via German. Two novels—Myrivilis’s Kaikkeinpyhin Merenneitsyt and Venezis’s Aiolian maa: romaani, both translated by Johannes Polva—are explicitly marked as direct translations in both the title pages and Fennica. According to Markku Pääskynen (2015: 16), Polva knew classical Greek. Although this does not necessarily mean that he also knew Modern Greek, his translations will be considered direct ones because there is no evidence suggesting otherwise. Finally, the mediating languages remain a mystery in two cases. Fennica and the title pages of Juho Tervonen’s translation of Kazantzakis’s Ikuinen vaellus: romaani and Anna-Maija Raittila’s translation of Assimacopoulos’s Sarastus have no SL/ST information, and no evidence of the translators’ (lack of) Modern Greek skills has been found. Raittila had a degree in theology (Kuka kukin on 1978: 772–773) and therefore knew at least the basics of Ancient Greek; that, however, does not necessarily mean that she was proficient in Modern Greek. She was a prolific translator of religious hymns and Hungarian literature, and according to Fennica, she translated from or literature originally written in several languages, including Dutch, French, Hebrew, Swedish, and Russian. Similarly, a search of Juho Tervonen’s name in Fennica reveals that he translated from or literature originally written not only in Modern Greek, but also English, German, Russian, and Scandinavian languages. His correspondence with the publishing house WSOY suggests he knew at least Swedish and Russian (see Ivaska and Paloposki 2018: 38). A comparison of the different language versions might reveal the SLs of these translations, but due to time constraints, that is not possible here (cf. Fernández Muñiz 2016). 7 Discussion and conclusions The goal of this study was to determine what prose has been translated from Modern Greek into Finnish and to determine the (mediating) SLs of the translations. On a meta- methodological level, the goal was to assess how reliable a picture one can draw of translation, and especially ITr, from bibliographical metadata available in the Finnish National Bibliography Fennica. The comparison of information on Modern Greek–Finnish translations and their SLs/STs retrieved from Fennica with other lists of Modern Greek literature in Finnish translation revealed that Fennica contains incorrect metadata and that the information on the mediating languages is presented in inconsistent places. As for incorrect data, the ultimate SL code was erroneous on two occasions. Similar language-coding errors have been found in Fennica by other scholars (e.g. Paloposki 2018: 23), which suggests that the problem is not SL-specific. In other words, searches made with SL codes provide an inaccurate picture on the number of translations. As for the inconsistency in the location of the information on the mediating language—when it was included—it could be found either in the field for “Title” or “Note.” Because of this, the information needed to be collected separately from each record to determine the indirectness of each translation; the situation is similar to the information on translations being retranslations, for example (see Paloposki 2018). The information in Fennica was found to be missing or incomplete in places. Explicit mention of the (mediating) SLs was missing from nine records, leading one to assume that these are direct translations. However, through the analysis of other MikaEL Kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen tutkimuksen symposiumin verkkojulkaisu, vol. 13 (2020) 83 paratextual material, one of them was found to be a compilative ITr, and another most likely an ITr. Similarly, paratexts revealed that in one case, the SL information was not exactly incorrect, but it was nevertheless incomplete: one translation marked as ITr in Fennica was found to be a compilative ITr. The information in Fennica might be missing or incomplete simply because it repeats what is found in the title pages of the books themselves. In fact, in eight out of the nine cases in which SL information was incomplete or missing in Fennica, it was also incomplete or missing on the title pages. Title page information may be wanting simply because it is customary that it includes only the names of the author and the translator, effectively meaning that bibliographers would need to go beyond the title page to be able to provide additional details, such as the (mediating) SLs/STs of translations, in the metadata. Another reason for the missing information may be a purposeful intention to obscure the indirectness of translations to avoid negative reactions; in a similar vein, title pages have been found to lie about the place of printing to avoid censorship (Poupaud et al. 2009: 266) and original texts have been presented as translations to more easily introduce novelties into the recipient culture (Du Pont 2005). This article shows that even a limited case study can reveal the problems of relying purely on bibliographical metadata when doing research on translation. Taking a non- critical stance toward the information in bibliographies, one risks researching what bibliographies tell about translations rather than actually studying translation. Xiaoyan Zhou and Sanjun Sun (2017: 116) suggest that, their flaws notwithstanding, bibliographies can be used to draw a general idea on translation history and that big data approaches can help find patterns in the data. However, it remains unclear whether bibliographies alone can provide accurate enough information on phenomena like ITr, or retranslation and pseudotranslation, to name others. Due to the abovementioned limitations in bibliographical metadata, these types of translations and/or their features are not readily identifiable with simple searches in bibliographical databases. This is evident also in the present study: while the Fennica metadata suggests that 11 out of the 22 (50%) Modern Greek–Finnish translations are ITr, the additional evidence shows that the true number is actually (at least) 13 (59%). In other words, had the SLs of the Finnish translations of Modern Greek novels been determined solely on the basis of Fennica, the indirectness of two translations would have remained uncovered. Could something be done to make bibliographical metadata more readily suitable for translation research? There are at least three possibilities. First, bibliographical metadata formats could be designed and/or implemented taking translation-related aspects into consideration. For example, the retrieval of information on the mediating languages could be made easier in Fennica if a specific field for this information was used instead of inserting it in the fields “Title” or “Note.” Second, title page information could be standardized (see also Zhou and Sun 2017) and the inclusion of information on the mediating languages/texts made mandatory. Not only would this be beneficial for the research community, but it could also be considered an ethical decision: by naming the translators of the mediating texts, they would be given credit for their indispensable role in the creation of the ITrs—just like the authors of the ultimate STs and the translators producing the ITrs usually are. Third, scholars could note errors and omissions in bibliographical metadata and take the lists of amendments to bibliographers (see also Paloposki 2018). For example, the obvious language-code errors could be fixed, or perhaps corpus methods could be used to identify ITrs and their mediating languages/texts (see Ivaska 2019), and then amendments could be made in Laura Ivaska Identifying (indirect) translations and their source languages 84 Fennica. In other words, it seems that collaboration between researchers, bibliographers, and publishers might be needed to ensure the future usability of bibliographical metadata in translation studies. It would be worth the effort: the more reliable the metadata on the (features of) translations in bibliographies is, the more viable translation research, especially with quantitative methods, becomes. References Research material EKEBI 2019. 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Zhou, Xiaoyan & Sanjun Sun 2017. Bibliography-Based Quantitative Translation History. Perspectives 25:1, 98–119. About the author Laura Ivaska is a Doctoral Candidate at the University of Turku. The provisional title of her PhD dissertation is “Mixed-methods approach to indirect translation: A case study of Finnish translations of Modern Greek prose 1952–2004.” Email: laura.ivaska (at) utu.fi MikaEL Kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen tutkimuksen symposiumin verkkojulkaisu, vol. 13 (2020) 87 Appendix: The SLs of the translations based on title and/or copyright page, information in Fennica, and other cues found. Author / translator: Finnish title Greek title Information SL(s)/ST(s) in Fennica (place of information) Information on SL(s)/ST(s) on title/copyright page Other cues on the SLs (source) Assimacopoulos, Kostas / Anna- Maija Raittila: Sarastus (1980) Η γενιά των αιχμαλώτων (1971) - - - Doxiadis, Apostolos / Reija Tanninen: Petros-setä ja Goldbachin hypoteesi (2004) Ο θείος Πέτρος και η Εικασία του Γκόλντμπαχ (1992) - Translated into Finnish from the 2 nd print of the original Greek by Aspotolos Doxiadis Ο θείος Πέτρος και η Εικασία του Γκόλντμπαχ (O thios Petros kai i ikasia tu Goldbach) Greek (Tanninen’s bio) Jordanidu, Maria / Leena Vatanen- Batis: Kultainen sarvi: kreikkalaisen naisen tarina (1985) Λωξάντρα (1962) - - probably Greek (Vatanen-Batis’s bio) Kazantzakis, Niko / Juho Tervonen: Ikuinen vaellus: romaani (1952) Ο Χριστός Ξανασταυρώνεται (1948) - - - Kazantzakis, Niko / Vappu Roos: Kerro minulle, Zorbas (1954) Βίος και πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά (1946) Translated into Finnish from French (Title or Note) Translated into Finnish from French - Kazantzakis, Niko / Aarno Peromies, Pentti Saarikoski: Pyhä köyhyys: romaani Fransiskus Assisilaisen elämästä (1961) Ο Φτωχούλης του Θεού (1953) possibly German (like Peromies’s translation of Kazantzakis’s Tilinteko El Grecolle) Kazantzakis, Niko / Aarno Peromies: Tilinteko El Grecolle (1966) Αναφορά στον Γκρέκο (1957) Translated into Finnish from a German edition (Note) Translated into Finnish from a German edition - Kazantzakis, Niko / Elvi Sinervo: Vapaus tai kuolema (1955) Ο Καπετάν Μιχάλης 6 (1950) Translated from a Swedish and a German edition (Note) Translated into Finnish following a Swedish and a German edition - Kazantzakis, Niko / Kyllikki Villa: Veljesviha (1967) Οι Αδερφοφάδες (1955) The Finnish translation is based on the following editions: Les frères ennemis, 1965; Oi adelphophades, 1963; The fratricides, 1966 (Note) The Finnish translation is based on the following editions: Les Frères ennemis, Meaux 1965. Οι αδελφοφαδεζ, Ateena 1963. The Fratricides, New York 1966 French, English and Greek (Ivaska forthcoming) Kazantzakis, Niko / Elvi Sinervo: Viimeinen kiusaus (1957) Ο Τελευταίος Πειρασμός (1951) - - German + Swedish (R-ä 1957) 6 From the second edition onwards titled Ο Καπετάν Μιχάλης: Ελευτερία ή Θάνατος. Laura Ivaska Identifying (indirect) translations and their source languages 88 Myrivilis, Stratis / Johannes Polva: Kaikkeinpyhin Merenneitsyt (1958) Η Παναγιά η Γοργόνα (1948) Translated from Greek (Title) Translated into Finnish from Greek possibly Greek (Pääskynen 2015) Papathanassopoulou, Maira / Kirsti Lakopoulos: Petos kreikkalaiseen tapaan (2000) Ο Ιούδας φιλούσε υπέροχα (1998) - - probably Greek (Lakopoulos’s bio) Prevelakis, Pandelis / Kyllikki Villa: Ikuinen aurinko (1963) Ο ήλιος του θανάτου (1959) From the German translation "Die Sonne des Todes" translated into Finnish (Note) Translated into Finnish from a German translation Die Sonn des Todes German + Danish + Greek (Ivaska & Paloposki 2018) Russu, Nikol / Reija Tanninen: Sano Morfiinille, et mä etin sen vielä (2000) Πες στη Μορφίνη ακόμα την ψάχνω (1996) - - Greek (Tanninen’s bio) Samarakis, Antonis / Matti Kannosto, Jorma Kapari: Erehdys (1982) Το λάθος (1965) Translated into Finnish from the French work: La faille (Note) Translated into Finnish from the French edition La faille - Staikos, Andreas / Marja Suominen: Herkullisia suhteita (2000) Επικίνδυνες μαγειρικές (1997) - - Greek (Suominen’s bio) Vassilikos, Vassilis / Matti Miikkulainen: Lehti, Kaivo, Enkeli: Trilogia (1967) Το φύλλο. Το πηγάδι. Τ' αγγέλιασμα (1961) Translated into Finnish from a Swedish edition (Title) Translated into Finnish from a Swedish edition - Vassilikos, Vassilis / Heikki Kaskimies: Valokuvat (1972) Οι φωτογραφίες (1964) Translated from the French work Les photographies (Note) Translated into Finnish from the French edition Les Photographies - Vassilikos, Vassilis / Heikki Kaskimies: Z (1968) Ζ (1966) Translated into Finnish from a French edition (Title) Translated into Finnish from a French edition - Venezis, Ilias / Johannes Polva: Aiolian maa: romaani (1960) Αιολική Γη (1943) Translated from Modern Greek (Title) Translated into Finnish from Modern Greek possibly Greek (Pääskynen 2015) Zei, Alki / Marikki Makkonen: Tämä on sotaa, Petros (1973) Ο μεγάλος περίπατος του Πέτρου (1971) Translated into Finnish from Edward Fenton’s English translation (Title) Translated into Finnish from Edward Fenton’s English translation - Zei, Alki / Marikki Makkonen: Villikissa katsoo lasin takaa (1969) Το καπλάνι της βιτρίνας (1963) Translated into Finnish from the English edition Wildcat under glass (Title, Note or missing) Translated into Finnish from the English edition Wildcat under Glass -