Julkaisuarkisto

The location in which γ-ray are created and emitted within extra-galactic jets is a matter of active debate. One particularly well-suited source for determining the location is the nearby bright radio galaxy 3C 84, harbouring a powerful jet. We investigated the origin of γ-rays that were measured during a recent γ-ray flare by analysing the linear polarisation signal of close-in-time very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at centimetre and millimetre wavelengths. While 3C 84 is almost unpolarised overall, we find that close in time to the γ-ray flare peak regions at parsec-scale distances from the central engine, the linear polarisation increases fractionally. Under the physically well-motivated assumption of a causal relation between this polarisation enhancement and the γ-ray flare, and combined with insights from concurrent X-ray polarisation measurements, a physically motivated scenario is that the γ-rays are created in this region, in a process consistent with the synchrotron self-Compton mechanism.

Exogenous shocks experienced by the population like armed conflicts, natural disasters and economic downturns have all been suggested to correlate with variation in human sex ratio at birth, either through sex-specific embryonic mortality and/or primary sex adjustment. Recently experienced COVID-19 pandemic has also been related to changes in birth sex ratio in some countries but the results have been mixed. In the aftermath of the pandemic, Russia's attack on Ukraine caused further emotional anxiety and economic hardship in Europe. This was also true in Finland, which has had a decade-long close trading history with its neighboring state, Russia. Here, we examined the influence of this "double trouble" on variation in proportion of males born alive as well as male proportion of stillbirths in Finland during 2000-2024, using high-quality monthly census panel data covering the entire Finnish population (a total of 1,355,037 live births and 4,096 stillbirths). The results from Bayesian aggregated binomial time-series regressions showed no evidence for COVID-19-related associations on either the proportion of male live births or stillbirths. We did find an increased proportion of males born alive after 4 months of Russia's offensive but this finding should be considered as exploratory rather than confirmatory. If proportion of male live births or stillbirths can be regarded as a health indicator of the population, our results suggest that Finland as a society showed marked resilience in terms of non-responsive sex ratios when facing these two adverse exogenous shocks.

Social outsiderhood - particularly loneliness and ostracism - has a significant impact on mental health issues such as internalizing symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety) and externalizing symptoms (e.g., aggression, conduct problems). Yet, the mechanisms underlying these effects are multifaceted and likely include multiple mediating processes that may either amplify or mitigate the emergence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. This cross-sectional study examines whether digital behaviors - social media use and gaming - mediate the relationship between school-based loneliness, school-based ostracism, and externalizing and internalizing symptoms in Finnish adolescents. Data were collected from 1,742 secondary school students (mean age 14.9 years; 47.6% male). Results reveal that both social media use and gaming were only weakly correlated with school-based loneliness, school-based ostracism, and mental health outcomes. Mediation analyses demonstrated that neither social media nor gaming robustly mediated the link between social disconnection and externalizing and internalizing symptoms. However, social media use weakly but significantly mediated the ostracism - internalizing symptoms link among girls, and gaming partially mediated the loneliness - internalizing symptoms link among boys. The findings suggest that digital behaviors are not primary explanations for the impact of school-based loneliness and ostracism on adolescent mental health. Future research should utilize longitudinal approaches and other measures of digital engagement to further clarify these relationships and identify alternative mediating processes.

Antipsychotics (APs) are not officially approved for the treatment of depressive, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, emotional dysregulation, or sleep disorders among children and adolescents. Despite this, the treatment of these common and comorbid disorders is likely to partially explain the increased AP use. We assessed all studies reporting changes in symptoms or functioning during antipsychotic treatment for these diagnoses among patients < 18 years old. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EBM reviews and PsycINFO databases for all studies published by October 30, 2025, reporting on the effectiveness of APs for obsessive-compulsive, mood dysregulation, depression, anxiety, and sleep-related disorders among patients < 18 years. We evaluated evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach (GRADE). Of the 2237 identified studies, 119 were eligible for full-text review, and 13 were included in the final review. One study compared two antipsychotics, while the rest were uncontrolled open-label studies, case series, or case reports. No randomized controlled trials nor studies on sleep or anxiety disorders were identified. While there were reported changes in standardized mean scores between baseline and endpoint, the level of evidence in obsessive-compulsive, mood dysregulation, and depression related disorders was very low. The identified very low level of evidence stands in stark contrast to clinical practice, where APs are increasingly prescribed. Future methodologically robust studies are needed to demonstrate efficacy. Given the side effects of APs, physicians should carefully consider the benefits and harms when prescribing them for off-label indications.

Chemoresistance is a major obstacle to effective cancer treatment, particularly in tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), the most lethal gynaecological malignancy. Predicting patient-specific chemoresistance remains challenging due to tumour heterogeneity and the lack of reliable biomarkers. Raman spectroscopy, a label-free technique that provides biochemical insights into cells and tissues without the need for specific biomarkers, has been extensively applied in cancer research, but its full potential for detecting subtle biochemical changes linked to chemoresistance in HGSC at the single-cell and subcellular levels remains underexplored. Another critical challenge is the estimation of classification performance on future data with cross-validation (CV) in the presence of batch effects. In this study, we demonstrated that confocal Raman microscopy combined with multivariate analysis can discriminate between cisplatin-resistant (TYK-nu-CP.r) and cisplatin-sensitive (TYK-nu) HGSC cell lines with 78% accuracy without batch correction. After batch correction, the accuracy improved to 84%. Feature importance analysis suggested that the separation was linked to a higher level of lipid unsaturation and elevated glutathione levels in the chemosensitive cell line. Additionally, we proposed a new CV-based area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) estimator that accounts for the batch effects better than the popularly used leave-one-batch-out CV. Together, these results show that with careful data processing, accounting for biases and batch effects, Raman microscopy enables reliable detection of chemoresistance at a cellular level and can provide insights into the molecular basis of chemoresistance. This study suggests that Raman microscopy holds promise as a tool for predicting chemoresistance in HGSC and guiding personalised treatment strategies.