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Human milk cortisol concentration predicts experimentally induced infant fear reactivity: moderation by infant sex
<p>Little consideration has been given to the possibility of human infant development being shaped via lactocrine programming, and by breast milk cortisol levels specifically. Despite animal models indicating that ...
Human milk metabolome is associated with symptoms of maternal psychological distress and milk cortisol
<p>The composition of human milk is subject to considerable
variation, but the effects of maternal stress are largely unknown. We
studied differences in human milk metabolome between Finnish mothers (n = 120,
secretors) with symptoms of prenatal symptoms of psychological distress
and milk cortisol concentrations. Human milk samples acquired at
2.5 months postpartum were analyzed using targeted <sup>1</sup>H NMR metabolomics.
Self-reported scores for depression (EPDS), overall anxiety (SCL-90),
and pregnancy-related anxiety (PRAQ) were used to evaluate psychological
distress. Prenatal psychological distress was positively associated
with concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, caprate, and
hypoxanthine (q < 0.0012). Milk cortisol was positively associated with lactate concentration (q < 0.05).
Changes in the human milk metabolome were shown to be associated with
maternal psychological distress and concentration of milk cortisol in a
dissimilarly, suggesting alterations in bacterial and energy metabolism
of the mother, respectively.</p>...