Julkaisuarkisto

Laajentuneen sodan aikana jopa kolmasosa ukrainalaisista joutui jättämään kotinsa. Osa pakeni Ukrainan sisällä ja osa ulkomaille, monet tilapäiseen suojeluun Euroopan unionissa. Poismuuttaneista on palannut jo muutama miljoona, joista ulkomailta puolet. He kokevat isänmaallisuutta, vaikka kritisoivat maansa ja paikkakuntansa viranomaisia. Harvat ovat täysin tyytyväisiä elämäänsä ja terveyteensä. 

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) have attracted significant attention as advanced nanomaterial reinforcements for improving the structural and functional performance of ceramic coatings due to their exceptional mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical inertness. Among various ceramic matrices, alumina (Al₂O₃) remains one of the most widely used coating materials for wear, corrosion, and thermal protection applications. However, its inherent brittleness and susceptibility to crack propagation limit its performance in demanding environments. This review presents a comprehensive and critical analysis of CNT- and GNP-reinforced plasma-sprayed Al₂O₃ hybrid nanocomposite coatings. The emphasis has been given on the underlying process–microstructure–property relationships and metallurgical mechanisms governing their performance. The review systematically examines the influence of these reinforcements on particle melting behavior, splat formation, rapid solidification, and interfacial bonding during plasma spraying. Particular attention is given to splat-level phenomena, where CNTs and GNPs play a critical role in improving splat cohesion, reducing intersplat porosity, and inhibiting crack initiation and propagation through crack-bridging and load-transfer mechanisms. The presence of hybrid CNT–GNP reinforcements has been shown to significantly improve coating hardness, fracture toughness, adhesion strength, wear resistance, and corrosion performance compared to monolithic alumina coatings. The synergistic effect of combining one-dimensional CNTs and two-dimensional GNPs enhances reinforcement efficiency by providing multidirectional load transfer and improved stress distribution within the coating microstructure. Furthermore, the review briefly evaluates the effects of reinforcement dispersion techniques, feedstock preparation, and processing routes on the resulting coating microstructure and properties. This review provides fundamental insights into reinforcement mechanisms and microstructure evolution in CNT- and GNP-reinforced ceramic coatings and establishes a framework for the design and optimization of high-performance hybrid nanocomposite coatings for advanced engineering applications.

Purpose

Measles antibody levels decline after MMR vaccination, raising concerns about individual protection and maintenance of herd immunity. In Finland, MMR vaccinations started in 1982, and only sporadic measles cases have been observed since the late 1980s. This suggests that a high proportion of individuals are unlikely to transmit measles. We examine the sustainability of herd immunity by inferring the antibody threshold sufficient to interrupt measles transmission.

Methods

We utilized measles antibody data collected after the second MMR vaccine dose from 157 individuals in a Finnish MMR-vaccinated cohort at 8 sampling rounds during 1987–2012 (ages 6–31 years), with antibody concentrations measured using the haemagglutination inhibition assay and/or enzyme immunoassay depending on the round. Antibody decline after vaccination was estimated and extrapolated beyond the study age range to predict the proportion exceeding candidate antibody thresholds in the 2022 Finnish population. Threshold sufficiency was evaluated by comparing this proportion with the critical proportion required to sustain the absence of measles epidemics.

Results

The mean follow-up time was over 20 years, with 68% of all potential samples available. After age 13, antibody levels declined slowly or very slowly, with first and second half-lives of 10 and 20, or 22 and 67 years, respectively. No unique threshold was identified. However, the continued absence of measles epidemics suggests a very slow decline and/or a low (< 120 mIU/ml) antibody threshold to interrupt transmission.

Conclusions

Vaccine-induced protection against measles transmission appears long-lasting. For herd immunity, declining vaccine uptake poses a greater risk than waning immunity.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate eye lens and whole-body radiation doses received by interventional
radiologists during CT-guided procedures, with a particular focus on lung biopsies.

Methods: Simultaneous measurements of eye lens dose equivalent Hp(3), deep-dose equivalent Hp(10), and
shallow-dose equivalent Hp(0.07) were conducted under clinical conditions during CT-guided procedures in five
Finnish hospitals during four separate four-week measurement periods. Hp(3) was measured using EYE-D ther-moluminescent dosimeters, while Hp(10) and Hp(0.07) were recorded using DIS-1 dosimeters. The Hp(3)/Hp(10) and Hp(3)/Hp(0.07) ratios, and Hp(3) to dose-length product (DLP) were analysed to assess whether routinely measured quantities can provide a rough indication of eye lens dose in CT-guided procedures. The doses per CT procedure were analysed for all aforementioned dose equivalents to evaluate the annual exposures. Dosimeter calibration and quality control were performed at a secondary standard dosimetry laboratory. Staff positioning, radiation protection practices, and procedural variables were explored in relation to differences in observed exposure levels across hospitals and procedures.

Results and conclusions: Occupational radiation exposure during CT-guided procedures were generally negligible when appropriate radiological practices and protective equipment were used. One hospital showed significantly higher dose values due to the primary use of fluoroscopy and absence of a lead glass screen. Despite this aberrant result, exposure levels remained below annual occupational dose limits in all hospitals. Routinely measured Hp(10) and Hp(0.07) showed a strong relationship with Hp(3) in the measurable dose data, suggesting that they may provide a rough indication of the order of magnitude of eye lens dose.

Background

In northern Finland, the 17th–19th centuries CE marked a transition from the semi-nomadic lifestyle of the Sámi, the indigenous people of northern Fennoscandia, to agriculture brought by Finnish settlers. This transition led to the disappearance of the Kemi Sámi language and the assimilation of their speaker communities into the Finnish population. Inhumation burials predating the Finnish settlement are rare. The oldest known burial from the region, dating to the turn of the 16th–17th centuries, comes from Kitka, Kuusamo. This study investigates the genetic, isotopic, and cultural aspects of the Kitka burial.

Results

The individual shows a clear genetic affinity with modern Sámi, and within Finland, shares the highest identity-by-descent (IBD) connectivity with present-day individuals living in the northeastern part of the modern administrative region of Lapland. Isotope data indicate that the individual spent their childhood farther north or northeast of their burial site, and reveal dietary changes associated with long-distance mobility over the course of their life. Strikingly, the results indicate that the individual resided outside of Finland, possibly in Iceland, during late childhood. The absence of a freshwater dietary signal in adulthood may suggest that the individual arrived in Kitka only shortly before their death.

Conclusions

The Kitka individual likely had genetic roots in the areas around the northeastern border of Finland, but travelled far from this region during their lifetime. These findings provide insights into the life of a historical Sámi individual and illustrate how bioarchaeology can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of Sámi histories.