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Town population size and structuring into villages and households drive infectious disease risks in pre-healthcare Finland
Social life is often considered to cost in terms of increased parasite or pathogen risk. However, evidence for this in the wild remains equivocal, possibly because populations and social groups are often structured, which ...
Handler familiarity helps to improve working performance during novel situations in semi-captive Asian elephants
<p>Working animals spend hours each day in close contact with humans and require training to understand commands and fulfil specific tasks. However, factors driving cooperation between humans and animals are still unclear, ...
Will granny save me? Birth status, survival, and the role of grandmothers in historical Finland
<p>Grandmothers play a crucial role in families enhancing grandchild
wellbeing and survival but their effects can be context-dependent, and
the children born in poor conditions are most likely to benefit from the
investments made by helping grandmothers. In this study, we examined,
for the first time, whether grandmothers' presence modified associations
between adverse birth status and survival up to 5 years of age. In
detail, we verified, whether (i) firstborns, (ii) twins, (iii) children born within 24 months after their sibling, and (iv)
children followed by short interval (i.e. their younger sibling was
born within 24 months) survived better when either their maternal,
paternal, or both grandmothers were present. Moreover, we evaluated
whether illegitimate children survived better when the maternal
grandmother was present. We used an extensive and largely pre-industrial
demographic dataset collected from parish population registers kept by
the Lutheran Church of Finland from years 1730–1895. We show that
although grandmother presence cannot mitigate adverse effects of many
poorer birth conditions, grandchildren whose next sibling was born after
a short interval survived better when the maternal grandmother was
present. Taken together, these findings highlight an important role of
grandmothers in compensating the mother's investment in the new baby,
thus enabling overall faster successful reproductive rate of mothers.
Whilst the opportunity for grandmothers to mitigate the risks of adverse
birth statuses is limited, this study does show - through the
beneficial effect on survival for those with a short subsequent birth
interval - that grandmothers can increase their daughters' and their own
reproductive success.</p>...
Neighborhood disadvantage, greenness and population density as predictors of breastfeeding practices: a population cohort study from Finland
<p><br></p><p>Background</p><p>Many environmental factors are known to hinder breastfeeding, yet the role of the family living environment in this regard is still poorly understood.</p><p>Objectives</p><p>Therefore, we ...
Multiple handlers, several owner changes and short relationship lengths affect horses’ responses to novel object tests
<p>Despite numerous studies emerging on the human-horse relationship, significant gaps exist in the identification of the horse and handler factors that influence the quality of their relationship. Here, we explore key ...
Age related variation of health markers in Asian elephants
Although senescence is often observed in the wild, its underlying mechanistic causes can rarely be studied alongside its consequences, because data on health, molecular and physiological measures of senescence are rare. ...
Sex-specific links between the social landscape and faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in semi-captive Asian elephants
<p><br></p><p>Although social behaviour is common in group-living mammals, our understanding of its mechanisms in long-lived animals is largely based on studies in human and non-human primates. There are health and fitness ...
Socio-cultural similarity with host population rather than ecological similarity predicts success and failure of human migrations
<p><br></p><p>Demographers argue that human migration patterns are shaped by people moving to better environments. More recently, however, evolutionary theorists have argued that people move to similar environments to which ...
Offspring fertility and grandchild survival enhanced by maternal grandmothers in a pre-industrial human society
<p>Help is directed towards kin in many cooperative species, but its nature and intensity can vary by context. Humans are one of few species in which grandmothers invest in grandchildren, and this may have served as an ...