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The utilization of positron emission tomography in the evaluation of renal health and disease
<h3>Purpose</h3><p>Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging technique that uses radiotracers to visualize metabolic processes of interest across different organs, to diagnose and manage diseases, and monitor therapeutic response. This systematic review aimed to characterize the value of PET for the assessment of renal metabolism and function in subjects with non-oncological metabolic disorders.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Research articles reporting “kidney” or “renal” metabolism evaluated with PET imaging between 1980 and 2021 were systematically searched in Medline/PubMed, Science Direct, and the Cochrane Library. Search results were exported and stored in RefWorks, the duplicates were removed, and eligible studies were identified, evaluated, and summarized.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Thirty reports met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies were prospective (73.33%, n = 22) in nature. The most utilized PET radiotracers were <sup>15</sup>O-labeled radio water (H<sub>2</sub><sup>15</sup>O, n = 14) and <sup>18</sup>F-fluorodeoxyglucose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG, n = 8). Other radiotracers used in at least one study were 14(R,S)-(18)F-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (<sup>18</sup>F-FTHA), <sup>18</sup>F-Sodium Fluoride (<sup>18</sup>F-NaF), <sup>11</sup>C-acetate, 68-Gallium (<sup>68</sup>Ga), <sup>13</sup>N-ammonia (<sup>13</sup>N-NH<sub>3</sub>), Rubidium-82 (<sup>82</sup>Rb), radiolabeled cationic ferritin (RadioCF), <sup>11</sup>C‐para-aminobenzoic acid (<sup>11</sup>C-PABA), Gallium-68 pentixafor (<sup>68</sup>Ga-Pentixafor), 2-deoxy-2-F-fluoro-D-sorbitol (F-FDS) and <sup>55</sup>Co-ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (<sup>55</sup>Co-EDTA).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>PET imaging provides an effective modality for evaluating a range of metabolic functions including glucose and fatty acid uptake, oxygen consumption and renal perfusion. Multiple positron emitting radiolabeled racers can be used for renal imaging in clinical settings. PET imaging thus holds the potential to improve the diagnosis of renal disorders, and to monitor disease progression and treatment response.</p>...
Brain Glucose Metabolism in Health, Obesity, and Cognitive Decline-Does Insulin Have Anything to Do with It? A Narrative Review
Imaging brain glucose metabolism with fluorine-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose ([F-18]-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) has long been utilized to aid the diagnosis of memory disorders, in particular in differentiating ...
Renal Sinus Fat Is Expanded in Patients with Obesity and/or Hypertension and Reduced by Bariatric Surgery Associated with Hypertension Remission
Renal sinus fat is a fat depot at the renal hilum. Because of its location around the renal artery, vein, and lymphatic vessels, an expanded renal sinus fat mass may have hemodynamic and renal implications. We studied ...
Effects of 6 weeks of treatment with dapagliflozin, a sodium- glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, on myocardial function and metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, placebo-controlled, exploratory study
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore the early effects of dapagliflozin on myocardial function and metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes without heart failure.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients ...
Obesity risk is associated with brain glucose uptake and insulin resistance
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate whether alterations in brain glucose uptake (BGU), insulin action in the brain-liver axis and whole-body insulin sensitivity occur in young adults in pre-obese state.</p><p>< ...
Novel Effects of the Gastrointestinal Hormone Secretin on Cardiac Metabolism and Renal Function
<p>The cardiac benefits of gastrointestinal hormones have been of interest in recent years. The aim of this study was to explore the myocardial and renal effects of the gastrointestinal hormone secretin in the GUTBAT trial (NCT03290846). A placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted on 15 healthy males in fasting conditions, where subjects were blinded to the intervention. Myocardial glucose uptake was measured with [<sup>18</sup>F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([<sup>18</sup>F]FDG) positron emission tomography. Kidney function was measured with [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG renal clearance and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Secretin increased myocardial glucose uptake compared to placebo (secretin vs. placebo, mean + standard deviation, 15.5 ± 7.4 vs. 9.7 ± 4.9 μmol/100g/min, 95% confidence interval (CI) [2.2, 9.4], p=0.004). Secretin also increased [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG renal clearance (44.5 ± 5.4 vs. 39.5 ± 8.5 ml/min, 95%CI[1.9, 8.1], p=0.004) and eGFR was significantly increased from baseline after secretin, compared to placebo (17.8 ± 9.8 vs. 6.0 ± 5.2 Δml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, 95%CI[6.0, 17.6], p=0.001). Our results implicate that secretin increases heart work and renal filtration, making it an interesting drug candidate for future studies in heart and kidney failure.</p>...
The Obesity Risk SNP (rs17782313) near the MC4R Gene Is Not Associated with Brain Glucose Uptake during Insulin Clamp-A Study in Finns
The melanocortin system is involved in the control of adiposity through modulation of food intake and energy expenditure. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs17782313 near the MC4R gene has been linked to obesity, ...
Hepatic Positron Emission Tomography: Applications in Metabolism, Haemodynamics and Cancer
Evaluating in vivo the metabolic rates of the human liver has been a challenge due to its unique perfusion system. Positron emission tomography (PET) represents the current gold standard for assessing non-invasively tissue ...
Circulating neurofilament is linked with morbid obesity, renal function, and brain density
Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a novel biomarker reflecting neuroaxonal damage and associates with brain atrophy, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a marker of astrocytic activation, associated with several ...