Hae
Aineistot 1-10 / 14
Quantification of the Potential Impact of Glyphosate-Based Products on Microbiomes
<p><br></p><p>Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. The target of glyphosate is the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the shikimate pathway, ...
Glyphosate residues alter the microbiota of a perennial weed with a minimal indirect impact on plant performance
<p><br></p><p>Purpose <br></p><p>In cold climates, glyphosate residues may linger in soils, with effects on plant-microbe interactions and, consequently, plant performance. Here, we explore the influence of glyphosate ...
Epichloë Endophyte-Promoted Seed Pathogen Increases Host Grass Resistance Against Insect Herbivory
<p><br></p><p>Plants host taxonomically and functionally complex communities of microbes. However, ecological studies on plant–microbe interactions rarely address the role of multiple co-occurring plant-associated microbes. ...
Glyphosate residues in soil can modify plant resistance to herbivores through changes in leaf quality.
<p>Glyphosate is the most widely used non-selective herbicide in the world. Glyphosate residues in soil can affect plant quality by modifying plant physiology, hormonal pathways and traits, with potential consequences for ...
Glyphosate-based herbicide has soil-mediated effects on potato glycoalkaloids and oxidative status of a potato pest
<p>Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide, targeting physiological pathways in plants. Recent studies have shown that glyphosate can also cause toxic effects in animals. We investigated the glyphosate-based herbicide ...
Does Glyphosate Affect the Human Microbiota?
Glyphosate is the world's most widely used agrochemical. Its use in agriculture and gardening has been proclaimed safe because humans and other animals do not have the target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate ...
A Glyphosate-Based Herbicide in Soil Differentially Affects Hormonal Homeostasis and Performance of Non-target Crop Plants
<p><br></p><p>Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide with a yearly increase in global application. Recent studies report glyphosate residues from diverse habitats globally where the effect on non-target plants are still to be explored. Glyphosate disrupts the shikimate pathway which is the basis for several plant metabolites. The central role of phytohormones in regulating plant growth and responses to abiotic and biotic environment has been ignored in studies examining the effects of glyphosate residues on plant performance and trophic interactions. We studied interactive effects of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) residues and phosphate fertilizer in soil on the content of main phytohormones, their precursors and metabolites, as well as on plant performance and herbivore damage, in three plant species, oat (Avena sativa), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa). Plant hormonal responses to GBH residues were highly species-specific. Potato responded to GBH soil treatment with an increase in stress-related phytohormones abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and jasmonic acid but a decrease in cytokinin ribosides and cytokinin-O-glycosides. GBH residues in combination with phosphate in soil increased aboveground biomass of potato plants and the concentration of the auxin phenylacetic acid but decreased phaseic acid and cytokinin ribosides and O-glycosides. Chorsimate-derived compounds (indole-3-acetic acid, phenylacetic acid and benzoic acid) as well as herbivore damage decreased in oat, when growing in GBH-treated soil but concentrations of the cytokinin dihydrozeatin and cytokinin ribosides increased. In strawberry plants, phosphate treatment was associated with an elevation of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) and the cytokinin trans-zeatin, while decreasing concentrations of the auxin phenylacetic acid and cytokinin dihydrozeatin was observed in the case of GBH treatment. Our results demonstrate that ubiquitous herbicide residues have multifaceted consequences by modulating the hormonal equilibrium of plants, which can have cascading effects on trophic interactions.</p>...
Risk in the circular food economy: Glyphosate-based herbicide residues in manure fertilizers decrease crop yield
<p>Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most frequently used
herbicides globally. They were launched as a safe solution for weed
control, but recently, an increasing number of studies have shown the
existence of GBH residues and highlighted the associated risks they pose
throughout ecosystems. Conventional agricultural practices often
include the use of GBHs, and the use of glyphosate-resistant genetically
modified crops is largely based on the application of glyphosate, which
increases the likelihood of its residues ending up in animal feed.
These residues persist throughout the digestive process of production
animals and accumulate in their excretion products. The poultry
industry, in particular, is rapidly growing, and excreted products are
used as plant fertilizers in line with circular food economy practices.
We studied the potential effects of unintentional glyphosate
contamination on an agronomically important forage grass, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) and a horticulturally important strawberry (Fragaria x vescana)
using glyphosate residues containing poultry manure as a plant
fertilizer in a common garden experiment. Glyphosate in the manure
decreased plant growth in both species and vegetative reproduction in F. x vescana.
Furthermore, our results indicate that glyphosate residues in organic
fertilizers might have indirect effects on sexual reproduction in F. pratensis and herbivory in F. x vescana
because they positively correlate with plant size. Our results
highlight that glyphosate can be unintentionally spread via organic
fertilizer, counteracting its ability to promote plant growth.</p>...
Genetic Diversity of the Symbiotic Fungus Epichloë festucae in Naturally Occurring Host Grass Populations
<p><br></p><p>Epichloë festucae is a common symbiont of the perennial and widely distributed cool season grass, Festuca rubra. The symbiosis is highly integrated involving systemic growth of the fungus throughout above-ground host parts and vertical transmission from plant to its offspring via host seeds. However, the nature of symbiosis is labile ranging from antagonistic to mutualistic depending on prevailing selection pressures. Both the loss of fungus in the maternal host lineage and horizontal transmission through sexual spores within the host population may partly explain the detected variation in symbiosis in wild grass populations. Epichloë species are commonly considered as pathogens when they produce sexual spores and partly castrate their host plant. This is the pathogenic end of the continuum from antagonistic to mutualistic interactions. Here we examined the population genetic structure of E. festucae to reveal the gene flow, importance of reproduction modes, and alkaloid potential of the symbiotic fungus in Europe. Epichloë-species are highly dependent on the host in survival and reproduction whilst benefits to the host are largely linked to defensive mutualism attributable to fungal-origin bioactive alkaloids that negatively affect vertebrate and/or invertebrate herbivores. We detected decreased genetic diversity in previously glaciated areas compared to non-glaciated regions during the last glacial maximum period and found three major genetic clusters in E. festucae populations: southern, northeastern and northwestern Europe. Sexual reproduction may have a higher role than expected in Spanish E. festucae populations due to the predominance of unique genotypes and presence of both mating types in the region. In contrast, asexual reproduction via host seeds predominates in the Faroe Island and Finland in northern Europe due to the presence of biased mating-type ratios and large dominant genotypes in the E. festucae populations within the region. A substantially larger variation of alkaloid genotypes was observed in the fungal populations than expected, although the variability of the alkaloid genotypes within populations is considerably lower in northern than Spanish populations in southern Europe. E. festucae populations consist of different combinations of alkaloid classes from the gene clusters of ergot alkaloid and indole-terpenes, and from pyrrolopyrazine alkaloid gene. We suggest that the postglacial distribution history of the host grass, prevailing reproduction strategies of E. festucae, and local selection pressures likely explain a large part of the genetic variation observed in fungal populations among geographic regions. The identified alkaloid genotypes can be used by turfgrass breeders to improve resistance against herbivores in red fescue varieties and to develop new sustainable cultivars in Europe.<br></p>...