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Long working hours and risk of 50 health conditions and mortality outcomes: a multicohort study in four European countries

Nyberg Solja T; Oksanen Tuula; Borritz Marianne; Knutsson Anders; Pejtersen Jan H; Kivimäki Mika; Bjorner Jakob B; Pentti Jaana; Hanson Linda LM; Leineweber Constanze; Rugulies Reiner; Virtanen Marianne; Sørensen Jeppe K; Ervasti Jenni; Suominen Sakari; Burr Hermann; Batty G. David; Theorell Töres; Alfredsson Lars; Vahtera Jussi; Westerlund Hugo; Shipley Martin J; Madsen Ida EH

Long working hours and risk of 50 health conditions and mortality outcomes: a multicohort study in four European countries

Nyberg Solja T
Oksanen Tuula
Borritz Marianne
Knutsson Anders
Pejtersen Jan H
Kivimäki Mika
Bjorner Jakob B
Pentti Jaana
Hanson Linda LM
Leineweber Constanze
Rugulies Reiner
Virtanen Marianne
Sørensen Jeppe K
Ervasti Jenni
Suominen Sakari
Burr Hermann
Batty G. David
Theorell Töres
Alfredsson Lars
Vahtera Jussi
Westerlund Hugo
Shipley Martin J
Madsen Ida EH
Katso/Avaa
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ELSEVIER
doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100212
URI
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666776221001897?via%3Dihub
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Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on:
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2022012710725
Tiivistelmä

Background

Studies on the association between long working hours and health have captured only a narrow range of outcomes (mainly cardiometabolic diseases and depression) and no outcome-wide studies on this topic are available. To achieve wider scope of potential harm, we examined long working hours as a risk factor for a wide range of disease and mortality endpoints.

Methods

The data of this multicohort study were from two population cohorts from Finland (primary analysis, n=59 599) and nine cohorts (replication analysis, n=44 262) from Sweden, Denmark, and the UK, all part of the Individual-participant Meta-analysis in Working Populations (IPD-Work) consortium. Baseline assessed long working hours (>55 hours per week) were compared to standard working hours (35-40 h). Outcome measures with follow-up until age 65 years were 46 diseases that required hospital treatment or continuous pharmacotherapy, all-cause, and three cause-specific mortality endpoints, ascertained via linkage to national health and mortality registers.

Findings

2747 (4.6%) participants in the primary cohorts and 3027 (6.8%) in the replication cohorts worked long hours. After adjustment for age, sex, and socioeconomic status, working long hours was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death (hazard ratio 1.68; 95% confidence interval 1.08-2.61 in primary analysis and 1.52; 0.90-2.58 in replication analysis), infections (1.37; 1.13-1.67 and 1.45; 1.13-1.87), diabetes (1.18; 1.01-1.38 and 1.41; 0.98-2.02), injuries (1.22; 1.00-1.50 and 1.18; 0.98-1.18) and musculoskeletal disorders (1.15; 1.06-1.26 and 1.13; 1.00-1.27). Working long hours was not associated with all-cause mortality.

Interpretation

Follow-up of 50 health outcomes in four European countries suggests that working long hours is associated with an elevated risk of early cardiovascular death and hospital-treated infections before age 65. Associations, albeit weak, were also observed with diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders and injuries. In these data working long hours was not related to elevated overall mortality.

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  • Rinnakkaistallenteet [19207]

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