Long working hours and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study
Lahelma E; Magnusson Hanson LL; Virtanen M; Theorell T; Pejtersen JH; Wagner GG; Dragano N; Singh-Manoux A; Heikkilä K; Rahkonen O; Jokela M; Burr H; Borritz M; Siegrist J; Lallukka T; Westerlund H; Alfredsson L; Oksanen T; Schupp J; Rugulies R; Kivimäki M; Yiengprugsawan V; Ferrie JE; Wang JL; Koskenvuo M; Madsen IEH; Erbel R; Pentti J; Suominen SB; Knutsson A; Vahtera J; Batty GD; Salo P; Bjorner B; Shipley MJ; Nyberg S; Nielsen L
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2021042716835
Tiivistelmä
Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published study-level data and unpublished individual-participant data with the aim of quantifying the relation between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms.
Methods: We searched PubMed and Embase for published prospective cohort studies and included available cohorts with unpublished individual-participant data. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate summary estimates across studies.
Results: We identified ten published cohort studies and included unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies. In the majority of cohorts, long working hours was defined as working ≥55 hours per week. In multivariable-adjusted meta-analyses of 189 729 participants from 35 countries [96 275 men, 93 454 women, follow-up ranging from 1–5 years, 21 747 new-onset cases), there was an overall association of 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.25] between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms, with significant evidence of heterogeneity (I2=45.1%, P=0.004). A moderate association between working hours and depressive symptoms was found in Asian countries (1.50, 95% CI 1.13–2.01), a weaker association in Europe (1.11, 95% CI 1.00–1.22), and no association in North America (0.97, 95% CI 0.70–1.34) or Australia (0.95, 95% CI 0.70–1.29). Differences by other characteristics were small.
Conclusions: This observational evidence suggests a moderate association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms in Asia and a small association in Europe.
Kokoelmat
- Rinnakkaistallenteet [19207]