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Community structure of insect herbivores is driven by conservatism, escalation and divergence of defensive traits in Ficus

Mentap Sisol; Simon T. Segar; Scott E.Miller Brus Isua; Martin Volf; Martin Moos; Gibson Aubona; George D. Weiblen; Jadranka Rota; Petr Simek; Stewart Wossa; Juuso Laitila; Juha-Pekka Salminen; Jan Zima Jr; Vojtech Novotny; Yves Basset; Jorma Kim

Community structure of insect herbivores is driven by conservatism, escalation and divergence of defensive traits in Ficus

Mentap Sisol
Simon T. Segar
Scott E.Miller Brus Isua
Martin Volf
Martin Moos
Gibson Aubona
George D. Weiblen
Jadranka Rota
Petr Simek
Stewart Wossa
Juuso Laitila
Juha-Pekka Salminen
Jan Zima Jr
Vojtech Novotny
Yves Basset
Jorma Kim
Katso/Avaa
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WILEY
doi:10.1111/ele.12875
URI
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.12875/abstract
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Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on:
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2021042718120
Tiivistelmä
Escalation (macroevolutionary increase) or divergence (disparity between relatives) in trait values are two frequent outcomes of the plant‐herbivore arms race. We studied the defences and caterpillars associated with 21 sympatric New Guinean figs. Herbivore generalists were concentrated on hosts with low protease and oxidative activity. The distribution of specialists correlated with phylogeny, protease and trichomes. Additionally, highly specialised Asota moths used alkaloid rich plants. The evolution of proteases was conserved, alkaloid diversity has escalated across the studied species, oxidative activity has escalated within one clade, and trichomes have diverged across the phylogeny. Herbivore specificity correlated with their response to host defences: escalating traits largely affected generalists and divergent traits specialists; but the effect of escalating traits on extreme specialists was positive. In turn, the evolution of defences in Ficus can be driven towards both escalation and divergence in individual traits, in combination providing protection against a broad spectrum of herbivores.
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