Integration of GC-MS, ROAV, and chemometrics to characterize key differential volatile compounds in wild and cultivated blueberries from Northeast China

Abstract

The flavor of blueberries influences consumers' purchasing behavior and satisfaction, holding significant research value for enhancing market competitiveness. In this study, we analyzed the volatile metabolites of Wild blueberry (Wb) and Cultivated blueberry (Cb) in Northeast China (NC) using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), identifying 618 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Through multivariate statistical analysis, 140 volatile differential compounds were detected between Wb and Cb, including trans-alpha-Bergamotene; 2-ButenoicAcid,2-methyl-; Benzoic acid,2-hydroxy-, ethylester; Benzoic acid, ethyl ester, above 4 VOCs were unique to Wb; while 28 VOCs, such as Carotol and 1Hexanol, were unique to Cb. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism and Inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels are the key pathways for volatile differential substance formation. By employing relative odor activity value (ROAV) and chemometrics, 131 key aroma-presenting substances were identified. Among them, beta-Ionone, 2(5H)-Furanone, 5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl- with sweet and fruity aroma were the most crucial. Following comprehensive, in-depth analysis by HS-SPME-GC-MS and ROAV, Carotol and 1-Hexanol were found to be useful as biomarker compounds for distinguishing Wb and Cb. This study provides a theoretical basis for distinguishing the aroma characteristics of Wb and Cb in NC, the processing adaptability of different varieties of blueberries.