A Novel Homozygous KIF1C Variant in 2 Cases of Spastic Ataxia Type 2

Abstract

<h3>Objectives</h3><p>Variants of unknown significance (VUS) pose an extensive clinical challenge. Our objective was to explore the diagnostic pipeline from symptom onset to molecular diagnosis in autosomal recessive (Spastic ataxia type 2 [SPAX2], Mendelian Inheritance in Man [MIM] number 611302) caused by a new homozygous variant in the <em>KIF1C</em> gene.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Two unrelated individuals with early-onset spastic ataxia were evaluated for genetic etiology by exome sequencing. Case reports were compiled through a medical chart review. Two cellular models were established to assess variant pathogenicity.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous variant in <em>KIF1C</em> (NM_006612.6: c.833T > C, p.[Leu278Pro]) in a highly conserved motor domain of the KIF1C protein in both individuals. Two cellular models overexpressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged KIF1C harboring the p.Leu278Pro variant demonstrated disrupted protein localization, suggesting an impaired trafficking capacity of the mutant KIF1C. A diagnosis of SPAX2 was established based on the in vitro data. Novel clinical findings associated with this <em>KIF1C</em> variant included retinal dysfunction detected by electroretinogram, hypotonia, and a thin corpus callosum in brain MRI.</p><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Classification of pathogenicity requires extensive multidisciplinary effort, which can be burdensome for affected individuals and families. Like other proteins of the kinesin family, variants in KIF1C may underlie retinal dysfunction.</p>