Evolution‐Guided Engineering of Non‐Heme Iron Enzymes Involved in Nogalamycin Biosynthesis

Abstract

<div>Microbes are competent chemists that are able to generate thousands of chemically complex natural products with potent biological activities. Key to the formation of this chemical diversity has been the rapid evolution of secondary metabolism. Many enzymes residing on these metabolic pathways have acquired atypical catalytic properties in comparison to their counterparts found in primary metabolism. The biosynthetic pathway of the anthracycline nogalamycin contains two such proteins, SnoK and SnoN, belonging to non‐heme iron and 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent mono‐oxygenases. In spite of structural similarity, the two proteins catalyse distinct chemical reactions; SnoK is a C2–C5′′ carbocyclase, whereas SnoN catalyses stereoinversion at the adjacent C4′′ position. Here we have identified four structural regions involved in the functional differentiation and generated 30 chimeric enzymes to probe catalysis. Our analyses indicate that the carbocyclase SnoK is the ancestral form of the enzyme from which SnoN has evolved to catalyse stereoinversion at the neighboring carbon. The critical step in the appearance of epimerization activity has likely been the insertion of three residues near the C‐terminus, which allow repositioning of the substrate in front of the iron center. The loss of the original carbocyclization activity has then occurred with changes in four amino acids near the iron center that prohibit alignment of the substrate for formation of the C2–C5′′ bond. Our study provides detailed insights into the evolutionary processes that have enabled <em>Streptomyces</em> soil bacteria to become the major source of antibiotics and antiproliferative agents.</div>