On "liberate Hong Kong" : the identities and visions of overseas Hong Kong activists after the 2019 demonstrations

Abstract

This research examines the evolution of national identity and the long-term sustainability of the democracy movement among active Hong Kong dissidents in the UK, continental Europe, and Taiwan. Through 10 qualitative interviews, the study explores how "Hongkonger" identity has transitioned into a nationalist discourse—often exclusionist toward Chinese identity—following the 2019 Anti-Extradition Bill Movement. Drawing on theories by Gellner and Anderson, the author argues that the slogan "liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times" functions as a unifying "sacred language" that allows activists to project their longing for a restored sociopolitical order onto an imagined future community. The findings reveal a movement characterised by "cultural trauma," where political upheaval has reinforced a sense of mission and religious-like devotion among activists. However, participants express cautious pessimism regarding the immediate future, citing a lack of centralized leadership, organizational fragmentation, and dwindling enthusiasm within the diaspora. The research further highlights a generational divide in the perceived duty to preserve Cantonese culture and values, proposing that the inheritance of identity depends not only on internal lifestyle preservation but also on how host societies perceive and validate the Hong Kong community. Ultimately, the study concludes that while overseas dissidents remain dedicated to advocacy and lobbying, the movement’s survival rests on its ability to build global networks and strengthen civil capacity for a struggle that many anticipate will span decades.