LCA of Off-Grid Energy Systems in the Nordics

Abstract

As the demand for sustainable energy grows, off-grid systems have become a promising alternative to traditional grid-based energy systems, especially in remote and rural areas. This study evaluates greenhouse gas emissions of off-grid energy generation through life cycle assessment (LCA) studies, comparing them to traditional grid electricity in the Nordics. Off-grid energy systems can significantly reduce emissions as compared to fossil-fuel-based electricity production but may struggle to provide meaningful benefit in the Nordics. The emissions of off-grid systems depend highly on system design, components, and energy storage choices. Especially battery manufacturing and replacements constitute one of the biggest shares in greenhouse gas emissions. The study discusses that while off-grid systems can provide clear energy independence and sustainability advantages, careful consideration and planning are essential for long-term benefits.