Nighttime ambulatory pulse pressure predicts cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among middle-aged participants in the 21-year follow-up

Abstract

Office pulse pressure (PP) is a predictor for cardiovascular (CV) events and mortality. Our aim was to evaluate ambulatory PP as a long-term risk factor in a random cohort of middle-aged participants. The Opera study took place in years 1991-1993, with a 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) performed to 900 participants. The end-points were non-fatal and fatal CV events, and deaths of all-causes. Follow-up period, until the first event or until the end of the year 2014, was 21.1 years (mean). Of 900 participants, 22.6% died (29.6% of men/15.6% of women, p<.001). A CV event was experienced by 208 participants (23.1%), 68.3% of them were male (p<.001). High nighttime ambulatory PP predicted independently CV mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 2.60; 95% confidence interval [CI 95%] 1.08-6.31, p=.034) and all-cause mortality in the whole population (HR 1.72; Cl 95% 1.06-2.78, p=.028). In males, both 24-h PP and nighttime PP associated with CV mortality and all-cause mortality (24-h PP HR for CV mortality 2.98; CI 95% 1.11-8.04, p=.031 and all-cause mortality HR 2.40; CI 95% 1.32-4.37, p=.004). Accordingly, nighttime PP; HR for CV mortality 3.13; CI 95% 1.14-8.56, p=.026, and for all-cause mortality HR 2.26; CI 95% 1.29-3.96, p=.004. Cox regression analyses were adjusted by sex, CV risk factors, and appropriate ambulatory mean systolic BP. In our study, high ambulatory nighttime PP was detected as a long-term risk factor for CV and all-cause mortality in middle-aged individuals.