Knowledge Transfer in Cross-border Collaboration within Multinational Companies : A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Knowledge transfer is a strategic imperative for multinational companies operating in increasingly globalized and complex environments. This thesis explores the challenges, processes, and outcomes of knowledge transfer in cross-border collaborations. Through a thematic synthesis of 72 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2015 and 2025, it identifies critical barriers such as cultural misalignment, trust deficits, and hierarchical structures that constrain effective knowledge transfer. Conversely, enabling factors include codification of tacit knowledge, use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), and the cultivation of psychological safety. The findings emphasize that successful knowledge transfer enhances innovation, coordination, and competitive advantage, while failure results in redundancy, inefficiency, and reputational harm. Theoretically, the research contributes a holistic perspective on knowledge transfer by integrating socio-cultural, organizational, and technological dimensions. Managerially, it offers actionable insights for leaders to build trust, adapt communication practices, and develop knowledge transfer strategies tailored to diverse contexts. Future research directions are proposed, including longitudinal studies and investigations into the role of digital transformation in knowledge transfer.