Multilevel analysis of the educational use of technology: Quantity and versatility of digital technology usage in Finnish basic education schools

Abstract

<div>The adoption of technology in teaching has been identified to relate to various factors from attitudes and self-efficacy to subjective norms and digital references. The aim of this study is to broaden the perspective to hierarchical grouping effects. Multilevel modelling of the study utilizes the data of 2355 Finnish basic education teachers. The results show that, before the coronavirus pandemic, Finnish teachers used digital devices in teaching at least once a week, on average, and many times on a daily basis, varying according to the subject being taught. The variation in teachers' technology usage occurs mainly at the individual level, with a small proportion between schools; higher-level hierarchies proved redundant in the context of Fin-land. At the teacher level, digital skills, age, and digital self-efficacy increase technology usage in teaching. At the end, the significance and limitations of the research and the direction of future research in the post-pandemic era are discussed.</div><div><br></div>