SN 2023taz: Implications for the UV Diversity of Superluminous Supernovae

Abstract

<p>Superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) are some of the brightest explosions in the Universe, representing the extremes of stellar deaths. At the upper end of their distribution is SN 2023taz, in a dwarf galaxy at <em>z</em> = 0.407. This is one of the most luminous SLSNe discovered to date with a peak absolute magnitude of <em>M</em>_{<em>g</em>,peak} = –22.75 ± 0.03 and a lower limit for energy radiated of <em>E</em> = 2.9 × 10⁵¹ erg. Magnetar model fits reveal individual parameter values typical of the SLSN population, but the combination of a low <em>B</em>-field and ejecta mass with a short spin period places SN 2023taz in a unusual region of parameter space, accounting for its extreme luminosity. The optical data around peak are consistent with a temperature of ∼17,000 K but SN 2023taz shows a surprising deficit in the UV compared to other events in this temperature range. We find no indication of dust extinction that could plausibly explain the UV deficit. The lower level of UV flux is reminiscent of the absorption seen in lower-luminosity events like SN 2017dwh, where Fe-group elements are responsible for the effect. However, in the case of SN 2023taz, there is no evidence for a larger amount of Fe-group elements which could contribute to line blanketing. Comparing to SLSNe with well-observed UV spectra, an underlying temperature of 8000–9000 K would match the UV spectral slope, but is not consistent with the optical color temperatures of these events. The most likely explanation is enhanced absorption by intermediate-mass elements, challenging previous findings that SLSNe exhibit similar UV absorption line equivalent widths. This highlights the need for expanded UV spectroscopic coverage of SLSNe, especially at early times, to build a framework for interpreting their diversity and to enable classification at higher redshifts where optical observations will exclusively probe rest-frame UV emission.<br></p>