Exploring the Multifunctional Agents of Flavonoid‐Rich Beet Leaf Extracts: Insights From Experimental and Computational Studies

Abstract

This study evaluated the multifunctional ability of Beta vulgaris leaves in dual therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris leaves (FREBVL) were tested for their antidiabetic properties. The inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was assessed. Anti-cholinesterase activities against AChE, BchE, and monoamine oxidase were investigated. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations identified potential bioactive flavonoids. Compared with acarbose, FREBVL had moderate activity against α-amylase (IC50 = 102.808 ± 3.153 μg/mL) (IC50 = 27.104 ± 0.270 μg/mL). Appreciable activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 79.131 ± 1.129 μg/mL) was observed. The significant inhibitory activity against AChE (IC50 = 902.738 ± 1.199 μg/mL) was weaker than that of galantamine (IC50 = 27.950 ± 0.122 μg/mL). The notable inhibitory effects on BChE (IC50 = 143.742 ± 0.785 μg/mL) were comparable to those of galantamine (IC50 = 23.126 ± 0.683 μg/mL). FREBVL protected against Fe2+-mediated brain damage by suppressing monoamine oxidase activity. Bioactive flavonoids (e.g., rutin, myricetin, apigenin) showed promising binding tendencies. Molecular dynamic simulations confirmed the stability of the complexes. FREBVL has potential as a multifunctional agent for dual therapy in T2D and AD.