First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. EHT and Multiwavelength Observations, Data Processing, and Calibration
Kuroda J; Doeleman SS; Broguiere D; Ramirez J; Chuter TC; Koyama S; van Bemmel I; Krichbaum TP; Alef W; Satapathy K; Marti-Vidal I; Roshanineshat A; Conroy NS; van Langevelde HJ; Mus A; Kwon C; Wijnands R; Montgomerie W; Koay JY; Ricarte A; Sanchez-Arguelles D; Hecht MH; Broderick AE; Tiede P; Cruz-Osorio A; Wardle J; Savolainen T; Caro P; Conway JE; Tetarenko AJ; Liu KY; SooHoo J; Messias H; Gurwell M; Cordes JM; Neilsen J; Huang CWL; Roy AL; Markoff S; Friberg P; Heyminck S; Azulay R; Rezzolla L; Huang L; Bintley D; Cho I; Rogers A; Jorstad S; Bremer M; Benson BA; Sousa D; Jiang W; Wharton R; Rao R; Chan CK; Rygl KLJ; Jung T; Fuentes A; Falcke H; Jannuzi BT; Gomez JL; Kino M; Ciechanowicz M; Zensus JA; Potzl FM; La Bella N; Liu CT; Bower GC; Lee D; Wondrak MF; Torne P; Araneda JP; Pesce DW; Wielgus M; Lee SS; Lobanov AP; Parra R; Fomalont E; Kim JY; Fromm CM; Yoon D; Okino H; Yuan YF; Bouman KL; Leung PK; Cantzler M; Poirier M; Levis A; Freeman WT; Kim DJ; Dempsey J; Christian P; Hesper R; Kramer M; Moriyama K; Chen MT; Nakamura M; Rottmann H; Haggard D; Inoue M; Forster K; Nishioka H; Menten KM; Gu MF; Fuentes SN; Wu QW; Li ZY; Tazaki F; Raffin PA; Marscher AP; Vos J; Titus M; Gammie CF; Prather B; Matsushita S; Cui YZ; Narayanan G; Lu RS; Saez-Madain AF; Lindqvist M; Degenaar N; Anantua R; Wong GN; Kofuji Y; Silva KM; Gomez-Ruiz AI; Gonzalez E; John D; Haworth K; Sanchez-Portal M; Young A; Shen ZQ; Lindahl G; Goddi C; Zhao GY; Olivares R; Weintroub J; Johnson MD; Small D; Boyce H; Myserlis I; Ball D; Ripperda B; Preciado-Lopez JA; Sohn BW; Neri R; Bronzwaer T; Ceccobello C; Laing R; Byun DY; Cheng XP; Ros E; Coulson IM; Herrero-Illana R; Agurto C; Wagner J; Wiik K; Dougal S; Geertsema G; Traianou E; James DJ; Mizuno Y; Perez-Beaupuits JP; Oh J; Muller C; Wieching G; Ho P; Farah J; Jiang HM; Akiyama K; Karami M; Lauer TR; Reynolds M; Fraga-Encinas R; Young K; van Rossum DR; Nadolski A; Hughes DH; Ho LC; Matthews LD; Karuppusamy R; Keating GK; Moscibrodzka M; PopStefanija A; Norton TJ; Herrera C; Kettenis M; Brown K; Asada K; Lisakov M; Liu J; Ward-Thompson D; Eatough RP; Marrone DP; Koch PM; Pu HY; Klein T; Park J; Chen YJ; Berthold R; Zhao SS; Kramer C; Nagar NM; Trippe S; Impellizzeri CMV; Kim J; Barrett J; Musoke G; Schloerb FP; Parsons H; Muders D; Gentaz O; Yamaguchi P; Matulonis C; Porth O; Blanchard J; Loinard L; Graham D; Huang YD; Mizuno I; Natarajan I; Kocherlakota P; Dzib SA; Santana J; Schonfeld J; Dhruv V; Wex N; Bach U; Sasada M; Brissenden R; Cardenas M; Kawashima T; Meyer-Zhao Z; Davelaar J; Issaoun S; Palumbo DCM; Ikeda S; Gueth F; Kubo D; Crawford TM; Souccar K; Ortiz-Leon GN; Jimenez-Rosales A; Raymond AW; Noutsos A; Pen UL; Witzel G; Baczko AK; Nowak MA; Roelofs F; Chael A; Kuo CY; Jeter B; Chatterjee S; Torstensson K; Mao JR; Patel N; Bustamante S; Baubock M; Janssen M; Dexter J; Hoge J; Honma M; Nagai H; Balokovic M; Ni CC; Emami R; Ramakrishnan V; Garcia R; Duran CA; Ford HA; Desvignes G; Crowley J; Crew GB; Blundell R; Heumann D; Paraschos GF; Zhang S; Alberdi A; Bertarini A; Georgiev B; Mac-Auliffe F; Michalik D; Pradel N; Rawlings MG; Fish VL; Brinkerink CD; Han CC; Schuster KF; Trent T; Hada K; Stahm W; Martin-Cocher P; Yuan F; Younsi Z; Shao LJ; Lo WP; Ruiz I; Deane R; Gold R; Ruszczyk C; Walther C; Algaba JC; Oyama T; Pietu V; Narayan R; Romero-Canizales C; Plambeck R; Chatterjee K; Medeiros L; Carlstrom JE; Wouterloot JGA; Lico R; Turk M; Blackburn L; Sun H; Liu K; Galison P; Montenegro-Montes F; Arriagada O; Venegas P; Dornbusch S; Lonsdale CJ; Joshi AV; Moran JM; De Laurentis M; Liuzzo E; Tilanus RPJ; Olivares H; Nathanail A; Sanchez S; Marchili N; Britzen S
First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. EHT and Multiwavelength Observations, Data Processing, and Calibration
Kuroda J
Doeleman SS
Broguiere D
Ramirez J
Chuter TC
Koyama S
van Bemmel I
Krichbaum TP
Alef W
Satapathy K
Marti-Vidal I
Roshanineshat A
Conroy NS
van Langevelde HJ
Mus A
Kwon C
Wijnands R
Montgomerie W
Koay JY
Ricarte A
Sanchez-Arguelles D
Hecht MH
Broderick AE
Tiede P
Cruz-Osorio A
Wardle J
Savolainen T
Caro P
Conway JE
Tetarenko AJ
Liu KY
SooHoo J
Messias H
Gurwell M
Cordes JM
Neilsen J
Huang CWL
Roy AL
Markoff S
Friberg P
Heyminck S
Azulay R
Rezzolla L
Huang L
Bintley D
Cho I
Rogers A
Jorstad S
Bremer M
Benson BA
Sousa D
Jiang W
Wharton R
Rao R
Chan CK
Rygl KLJ
Jung T
Fuentes A
Falcke H
Jannuzi BT
Gomez JL
Kino M
Ciechanowicz M
Zensus JA
Potzl FM
La Bella N
Liu CT
Bower GC
Lee D
Wondrak MF
Torne P
Araneda JP
Pesce DW
Wielgus M
Lee SS
Lobanov AP
Parra R
Fomalont E
Kim JY
Fromm CM
Yoon D
Okino H
Yuan YF
Bouman KL
Leung PK
Cantzler M
Poirier M
Levis A
Freeman WT
Kim DJ
Dempsey J
Christian P
Hesper R
Kramer M
Moriyama K
Chen MT
Nakamura M
Rottmann H
Haggard D
Inoue M
Forster K
Nishioka H
Menten KM
Gu MF
Fuentes SN
Wu QW
Li ZY
Tazaki F
Raffin PA
Marscher AP
Vos J
Titus M
Gammie CF
Prather B
Matsushita S
Cui YZ
Narayanan G
Lu RS
Saez-Madain AF
Lindqvist M
Degenaar N
Anantua R
Wong GN
Kofuji Y
Silva KM
Gomez-Ruiz AI
Gonzalez E
John D
Haworth K
Sanchez-Portal M
Young A
Shen ZQ
Lindahl G
Goddi C
Zhao GY
Olivares R
Weintroub J
Johnson MD
Small D
Boyce H
Myserlis I
Ball D
Ripperda B
Preciado-Lopez JA
Sohn BW
Neri R
Bronzwaer T
Ceccobello C
Laing R
Byun DY
Cheng XP
Ros E
Coulson IM
Herrero-Illana R
Agurto C
Wagner J
Wiik K
Dougal S
Geertsema G
Traianou E
James DJ
Mizuno Y
Perez-Beaupuits JP
Oh J
Muller C
Wieching G
Ho P
Farah J
Jiang HM
Akiyama K
Karami M
Lauer TR
Reynolds M
Fraga-Encinas R
Young K
van Rossum DR
Nadolski A
Hughes DH
Ho LC
Matthews LD
Karuppusamy R
Keating GK
Moscibrodzka M
PopStefanija A
Norton TJ
Herrera C
Kettenis M
Brown K
Asada K
Lisakov M
Liu J
Ward-Thompson D
Eatough RP
Marrone DP
Koch PM
Pu HY
Klein T
Park J
Chen YJ
Berthold R
Zhao SS
Kramer C
Nagar NM
Trippe S
Impellizzeri CMV
Kim J
Barrett J
Musoke G
Schloerb FP
Parsons H
Muders D
Gentaz O
Yamaguchi P
Matulonis C
Porth O
Blanchard J
Loinard L
Graham D
Huang YD
Mizuno I
Natarajan I
Kocherlakota P
Dzib SA
Santana J
Schonfeld J
Dhruv V
Wex N
Bach U
Sasada M
Brissenden R
Cardenas M
Kawashima T
Meyer-Zhao Z
Davelaar J
Issaoun S
Palumbo DCM
Ikeda S
Gueth F
Kubo D
Crawford TM
Souccar K
Ortiz-Leon GN
Jimenez-Rosales A
Raymond AW
Noutsos A
Pen UL
Witzel G
Baczko AK
Nowak MA
Roelofs F
Chael A
Kuo CY
Jeter B
Chatterjee S
Torstensson K
Mao JR
Patel N
Bustamante S
Baubock M
Janssen M
Dexter J
Hoge J
Honma M
Nagai H
Balokovic M
Ni CC
Emami R
Ramakrishnan V
Garcia R
Duran CA
Ford HA
Desvignes G
Crowley J
Crew GB
Blundell R
Heumann D
Paraschos GF
Zhang S
Alberdi A
Bertarini A
Georgiev B
Mac-Auliffe F
Michalik D
Pradel N
Rawlings MG
Fish VL
Brinkerink CD
Han CC
Schuster KF
Trent T
Hada K
Stahm W
Martin-Cocher P
Yuan F
Younsi Z
Shao LJ
Lo WP
Ruiz I
Deane R
Gold R
Ruszczyk C
Walther C
Algaba JC
Oyama T
Pietu V
Narayan R
Romero-Canizales C
Plambeck R
Chatterjee K
Medeiros L
Carlstrom JE
Wouterloot JGA
Lico R
Turk M
Blackburn L
Sun H
Liu K
Galison P
Montenegro-Montes F
Arriagada O
Venegas P
Dornbusch S
Lonsdale CJ
Joshi AV
Moran JM
De Laurentis M
Liuzzo E
Tilanus RPJ
Olivares H
Nathanail A
Sanchez S
Marchili N
Britzen S
IOP Publishing Ltd
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on:
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2022081154881
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2022081154881
Tiivistelmä
We present Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm measurements of the radio source located at the position of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), collected during the 2017 April 5-11 campaign. The observations were carried out with eight facilities at six locations across the globe. Novel calibration methods are employed to account for Sgr A*'s flux variability. The majority of the 1.3 mm emission arises from horizon scales, where intrinsic structural source variability is detected on timescales of minutes to hours. The effects of interstellar scattering on the image and its variability are found to be subdominant to intrinsic source structure. The calibrated visibility amplitudes, particularly the locations of the visibility minima, are broadly consistent with a blurred ring with a diameter of similar to 50 mu as, as determined in later works in this series. Contemporaneous multiwavelength monitoring of Sgr A* was performed at 22, 43, and 86 GHz and at near-infrared and X-ray wavelengths. Several X-ray flares from Sgr A* are detected by Chandra, one at low significance jointly with Swift on 2017 April 7 and the other at higher significance jointly with NuSTAR on 2017 April 11. The brighter April 11 flare is not observed simultaneously by the EHT but is followed by a significant increase in millimeter flux variability immediately after the X-ray outburst, indicating a likely connection in the emission physics near the event horizon. We compare Sgr A*'s broadband flux during the EHT campaign to its historical spectral energy distribution and find that both the quiescent emission and flare emission are consistent with its long-term behavior.
Kokoelmat
- Rinnakkaistallenteet [19207]