First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole
Rygl KLJ; Huang L; Wiik K; Falcke H; Kocherlakota P; Asada K; Sohn BW; Nakamura M; PopStefanija A; Wondrak MF; Eatough RP; Anantua R; Michalik D; Potzl FM; Gu MF; Wagner J; Alef W; Ressler S; Liu J; Rawlings MG; Yuan F; Traianou E; Chen MT; Mizuno I; Gurwell M; Park J; Nagai H; Galison P; Souccar K; Koch PM; Wu QW; Ripperda B; Ortiz-Leon GN; Conroy NS; Dhruv V; Jeter B; Trippe S; Palumbo DCM; SooHoo J; Fish VL; Lauer TR; Ball D; Byun DY; Trent T; Porth O; Vos J; Doeleman SS; Kim J; Goddi C; Kettenis M; Chen YJ; Brinkerink CD; Keating GK; Cho I; Hesper R; Wong GN; Ikeda S; Conway JE; Jung T; Natarajan I; Chatterjee S; Broderick AE; Nagar NM; Torne P; Emami R; Bach U; Koyama S; Chael A; Fromm CM; Lindqvist M; Kim JY; Impellizzeri CMV; Des Small; Joshi AV; Dzib SA; Pu HY; Nathanail A; Karami M; Cordes JM; Bustamante S; Narayan R; Moriyama K; Hecht MH; Heumann D; Noutsos A; Janssen M; Bouman KL; Mao JR; Titus M; Fuentes A; Koay JY; Kramer C; Markoff S; Weintroub J; Marscher AP; Baubock M; Fuentes SN; Cruz-Osorio A; Ceccobello C; Witzel G; Kino M; Carlstrom JE; Krichbaum TP; Shen ZQ; Ruszczyk C; Inoue M; Wharton R; Lee SS; Wex N; Mizuno Y; van Rossum DR; Dempsey J; Young K; Gomez-Ruiz AI; Matthews LD; Lonsdale CJ; Roshanineshat A; Li ZY; Tilanus RPJ; Georgiev B; Younsi Z; Garcia R; Boyce H; Parsons H; Neri R; Lindahl G; Sasada M; Schloerb FP; Schonfeld J; Bower GC; Azulay R; Zhang S; Jimenez-Rosales A; Patel N; van Bemmel I; Romero-Canizales C; Liuzzo E; Crawford TM; Blundell R; Baczko AK; Ford HA; Rezzolla L; Lo WP; Kofuji Y; Freeman WT; Olivares H; Lee D; Young A; Sanchez-Portal M; Kuo CY; Menten KM; Cheng XP; Roy AL; Broguiere D; White C; Nowak MA; Qiu R; Fomalont E; Plambeck R; Kawashima T; Turk M; Friberg P; Zensus JA; Yoon D; Narayanan G; Lisakov M; Paraschos GF; Raymond AW; Tetarenko AJ; Ward-Thompson D; Ben P; Hada K; Shao LJ; Musoke G; Yamaguchi P; James DJ; Lobanov AP; Farah J; Rottmann H; Gentaz O; Dexter J; Bremer M; Marchili N; Levis A; Satapathy K; Huang CWL; Haworth K; Savolainen T; Johnson MD; Blackburn L; Ho P; Oyama T; Oh J; van Langevelde HJ; Ramakrishnan V; La Bella N; Moran JM; Ho LC; De Laurentis M; Wielgus M; Yuan YF; Lico R; Deane R; Alberdi A; Hughes DH; Kramer M; Myserlis I; Ni CC; Haggard D; Ruiz I; Chan TL; Issaoun S; Gold R; Karuppusamy R; Bronzwaer T; Wardle J; Chan CK; Kim DJ; Bintley D; Matsushita S; Pesce DW; Psaltis D; Ricarte A; Jannuzi BT; Jorstad S; Mus A; Gomez JL; Ozel F; Pen UL; Marti-Vidal I; Benson BA; Desvignes G; Algaba JC; Leung PK; Davelaar J; Brissenden R; Barrett J; Tiede P; Loinard L; Nadolski A; Christian P; Chatterjee K; Honma M; Rao R; Cui YZ; Zhao SS; Ros E; Akiyama K; Marrone DP; Dougal S; Pietu V; Gammie CF; Lu RS; Tazaki F; Moscibrodzka M; Medeiros L; Roelofs F; Zhao GY; Sanchez-Arguelles D; Preciado-Lopez JA; Jiang W; Britzen S; Okino H; Rogers A; Balokovic M; Sanchez S; Neilsen J; Sun H; Fraga-Encinas R; Schuster KF; Liu K; Muller C; Crew GB
First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole
Rygl KLJ
Huang L
Wiik K
Falcke H
Kocherlakota P
Asada K
Sohn BW
Nakamura M
PopStefanija A
Wondrak MF
Eatough RP
Anantua R
Michalik D
Potzl FM
Gu MF
Wagner J
Alef W
Ressler S
Liu J
Rawlings MG
Yuan F
Traianou E
Chen MT
Mizuno I
Gurwell M
Park J
Nagai H
Galison P
Souccar K
Koch PM
Wu QW
Ripperda B
Ortiz-Leon GN
Conroy NS
Dhruv V
Jeter B
Trippe S
Palumbo DCM
SooHoo J
Fish VL
Lauer TR
Ball D
Byun DY
Trent T
Porth O
Vos J
Doeleman SS
Kim J
Goddi C
Kettenis M
Chen YJ
Brinkerink CD
Keating GK
Cho I
Hesper R
Wong GN
Ikeda S
Conway JE
Jung T
Natarajan I
Chatterjee S
Broderick AE
Nagar NM
Torne P
Emami R
Bach U
Koyama S
Chael A
Fromm CM
Lindqvist M
Kim JY
Impellizzeri CMV
Des Small
Joshi AV
Dzib SA
Pu HY
Nathanail A
Karami M
Cordes JM
Bustamante S
Narayan R
Moriyama K
Hecht MH
Heumann D
Noutsos A
Janssen M
Bouman KL
Mao JR
Titus M
Fuentes A
Koay JY
Kramer C
Markoff S
Weintroub J
Marscher AP
Baubock M
Fuentes SN
Cruz-Osorio A
Ceccobello C
Witzel G
Kino M
Carlstrom JE
Krichbaum TP
Shen ZQ
Ruszczyk C
Inoue M
Wharton R
Lee SS
Wex N
Mizuno Y
van Rossum DR
Dempsey J
Young K
Gomez-Ruiz AI
Matthews LD
Lonsdale CJ
Roshanineshat A
Li ZY
Tilanus RPJ
Georgiev B
Younsi Z
Garcia R
Boyce H
Parsons H
Neri R
Lindahl G
Sasada M
Schloerb FP
Schonfeld J
Bower GC
Azulay R
Zhang S
Jimenez-Rosales A
Patel N
van Bemmel I
Romero-Canizales C
Liuzzo E
Crawford TM
Blundell R
Baczko AK
Ford HA
Rezzolla L
Lo WP
Kofuji Y
Freeman WT
Olivares H
Lee D
Young A
Sanchez-Portal M
Kuo CY
Menten KM
Cheng XP
Roy AL
Broguiere D
White C
Nowak MA
Qiu R
Fomalont E
Plambeck R
Kawashima T
Turk M
Friberg P
Zensus JA
Yoon D
Narayanan G
Lisakov M
Paraschos GF
Raymond AW
Tetarenko AJ
Ward-Thompson D
Ben P
Hada K
Shao LJ
Musoke G
Yamaguchi P
James DJ
Lobanov AP
Farah J
Rottmann H
Gentaz O
Dexter J
Bremer M
Marchili N
Levis A
Satapathy K
Huang CWL
Haworth K
Savolainen T
Johnson MD
Blackburn L
Ho P
Oyama T
Oh J
van Langevelde HJ
Ramakrishnan V
La Bella N
Moran JM
Ho LC
De Laurentis M
Wielgus M
Yuan YF
Lico R
Deane R
Alberdi A
Hughes DH
Kramer M
Myserlis I
Ni CC
Haggard D
Ruiz I
Chan TL
Issaoun S
Gold R
Karuppusamy R
Bronzwaer T
Wardle J
Chan CK
Kim DJ
Bintley D
Matsushita S
Pesce DW
Psaltis D
Ricarte A
Jannuzi BT
Jorstad S
Mus A
Gomez JL
Ozel F
Pen UL
Marti-Vidal I
Benson BA
Desvignes G
Algaba JC
Leung PK
Davelaar J
Brissenden R
Barrett J
Tiede P
Loinard L
Nadolski A
Christian P
Chatterjee K
Honma M
Rao R
Cui YZ
Zhao SS
Ros E
Akiyama K
Marrone DP
Dougal S
Pietu V
Gammie CF
Lu RS
Tazaki F
Moscibrodzka M
Medeiros L
Roelofs F
Zhao GY
Sanchez-Arguelles D
Preciado-Lopez JA
Jiang W
Britzen S
Okino H
Rogers A
Balokovic M
Sanchez S
Neilsen J
Sun H
Fraga-Encinas R
Schuster KF
Liu K
Muller C
Crew GB
IOP Publishing Ltd
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on:
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2022081154227
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2022081154227
Tiivistelmä
In this paper we provide a first physical interpretation for the Event Horizon Telescope's (EHT) 2017 observations of Sgr A*. Our main approach is to compare resolved EHT data at 230 GHz and unresolved non-EHT observations from radio to X-ray wavelengths to predictions from a library of models based on time-dependent general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations, including aligned, tilted, and stellar-wind-fed simulations; radiative transfer is performed assuming both thermal and nonthermal electron distribution functions. We test the models against 11 constraints drawn from EHT 230 GHz data and observations at 86 GHz, 2.2 mu m, and in the X-ray. All models fail at least one constraint. Light-curve variability provides a particularly severe constraint, failing nearly all strongly magnetized (magnetically arrested disk (MAD)) models and a large fraction of weakly magnetized models. A number of models fail only the variability constraints. We identify a promising cluster of these models, which are MAD and have inclination i <= 30 degrees. They have accretion rate (5.2-9.5) x 10(-9) M (circle dot) yr(-1), bolometric luminosity (6.8-9.2) x 10(35) erg s(-1), and outflow power (1.3-4.8) x 10(38) erg s(-1). We also find that all models with i >= 70 degrees fail at least two constraints, as do all models with equal ion and electron temperature; exploratory, nonthermal model sets tend to have higher 2.2 mu m flux density; and the population of cold electrons is limited by X-ray constraints due to the risk of bremsstrahlung overproduction. Finally, we discuss physical and numerical limitations of the models, highlighting the possible importance of kinetic effects and duration of the simulations.
Kokoelmat
- Rinnakkaistallenteet [19207]