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Secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes (LNs) and the spleen, play an important role in protecting us against invading pathogens. While LNs are connected to lymphatic vessels and receive antigens from the peripheral ...

The gut microbiota has been suggested to be an important factor in the development of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Priming of islet specific T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PaLN) and their ...

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) is an essential mechanism for the development of high-affinity antibodies. SHM occurs in germinal center B cells targeting antibody-coding immunoglobulin (Ig) genes to increase the affinity of ...

The immune system is our constant protector against external foes but also against our own incipient malignant cells. Unfortunately, developing cancers often learn to shut down the antitumor immune response or even to ...

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease, in which insulin secreting beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed. The disease pathogenesis can be divided into an asymptomatic preclinical phase and symptomatic disease. ...

Carbapenemase-producing (CP) Enterobacterales (CPE) are a growing menace to healthcare systems worldwide. CPE infections are difficult to treat because few antimicrobials remain effective. One of the new drug combinations, ...

ABSTRACT Endothelium is the barrier between the blood and tissue stroma. Cells and macromolecules are selectively allowed to traffic through the endothelium to maintain homeostasis. Besides the paracellular transport ...

Acute appendicitis presents as two different diseases: uncomplicated and complicated acute appendicitis. The majority are uncomplicated, which may be treated with antibiotics instead of surgery and possibly even with ...

T-helper cells are an important part of the immune system and adaptive immunity. Over the course of the immune response, under the influence of various cytokines, T-helper cells differentiate into various subsets each of ...

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complicated autoimmune disease with largely unknown disease mechanisms. The diagnosis is preceded by a long asymptomatic period of autoimmune activity in the insulin-producing pancreatic islets. ...