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Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. DTI is based on free thermal motion (diffusion) of water molecules. The properties of diffusion can be represented using parameters ...

The norepinephrine (NE) transporter (NET) mediates high-affinity uptake of the neurotransmitter NE in central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons. NET has a critical function in controlling the synaptic levels of NE and ...

Breast cancer that has metastasized to bone is currently an incurable disease, causing significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this thesis work was to elucidate molecular mechanisms of bone metastasis and thereby ...

α2-Adrenoceptors (α2-ARs) belong to the large superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They mediate important actions of the endogenous catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline. All three α2-AR subtypes ...

The microenvironment within the tumor plays a central role in cellular signaling. Rapidly proliferating cancer cells need building blocks for structures as well as nutrients and oxygen for energy production. In normal ...

Chondrogenesis is a co-ordinated differentiation process in which mesenchymal cells condensate, differentiate into chondrocytes and begin to secrete molecules that form the extracellular matrix. It is regulated in a ...

In development of human medicines, it is important to predict early and accurately enough the disease and patient population to be treated as well as the effective and safe dose range of the studied medicine. This is ...

Gene therapy aims to treat diseases by introducing genetic material to the diseased tissue. For cancer treatment it is important to destroy cancerous cells; this can be achieved by introducing a gene, which induces cell ...

Androgens regulate the growth and development of normal prostate and prostate cancer. Blocking the production and effects of androgens, either by castration or medication, has been the most efficient strategy for treating ...

Cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) is an oncoprotein expressed in several human cancer types. Previously, CIP2A has been shown to promote proliferation of cancer cells. Mechanistically, CIP2A is known to inhibit ...